Generalisation of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications
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Table of contents
- Copyright pageiv
- Contentsv
- Prefacevii
- Acknowledgementsxi
- List of Contributorsxiii
- Chapter 1. Understanding Geographic Space1
- 1.1 Scale, Pattern and Geographic Meaning1
- 1.2 A Brief History of Cartography3
- 1.3 Map and Model Generalisation4
- 1.4 A Changing Context5
- 1.5 Why is Generalisation so Hard to Automate?7
- 1.6 The Chapters of This Book8
- 1.7 Conclusion10
- Chapter 2. Conceptual Models of Generalisation and Multiple Representation11
- 2.1 Modelling Generalisation Processes11
- 2.2 Modelling Geographic Data in Multiple Representation Databases24
- 2.3 Future Research on Generalisation and MRDBs34
- 2.4 Concluding Remarks35
- Chapter 3. A Synoptic View of Generalisation Operators37
- 3.1 Nature and History37
- 3.2 Frameworks for Generalisation Operators38
- 3.3 Operations on the Data Schema43
- 3.4 Algorithms for Building Generalisation45
- 3.5 Algorithms for Line Generalisation49
- 3.6 Algorithms for Network Simplification53
- 3.7 Algorithms for Rural Features54
- 3.8 Algorithms to Generalise Relief56
- 3.9 Generic Description and Evaluation Criteria for Algorithms57
- 3.10 Operators and Algorithms Within Existing GI Systems57
- 3.11 The Changing Classification of Generalisation Operators63
- Acknowledgement66
- Chapter 4. Modelling the Overall Processprocess of Generalisation67
- 4.1 Introduction67
- 4.2 Condition-Action Modelling68
- 4.3 Human Interaction Modelling71
- 4.4 Constraint-Based Modelling73
- 4.5 Conclusions and Outlook85
- Chapter 5. Evaluation in the Map Generalisation Process89
- 5.1 Evaluation in the context of Map Generalisation89
- 5.2 An Overview of Developments in Evaluation Techniques90
- 5.3 Computational Structures to Support Analysis and Evaluation95
- 5.4 The Calibration of Evaluation Criteria97
- 5.5 A Formal Framework of Evaluation98
- 5.6 Types of Evaluation104
- 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions110
- Chapter 6. Database Requirements for Generalisation and Multiple Representations113
- 6.1 Introduction113
- 6.2 Modelling and Geographical Modelling: Database Principles115
- 6.3 Multiple Representation Databases119
- 6.4 Database Principles for Modelling Data for Generalisation126
- 6.5 Conclusions135
- Chapter 7. A Real-Time Generalisation and Map Adaptation Approach for Location-Based Services137
- 7.1 Introduction137
- 7.2 Generalisation of Maps in Location-Based Services141
- 7.3 The GiMoDig Project144
- 7.4 Conceptual Process Model for Generalisation in Location-Based Services156
- 7.5 Conclusions158
- Acknowledgements159
- Chapter 8. Experiments in Building an Open Generalisation Systemopen generalisation system161
- 8.1 Introduction162
- 8.2 Context and Evolution in Computer Science164
- 8.3 Architectural Models for Open Generalisation Systems166
- 8.4 Implementation of the Two Architectures170
- 8.5 Conclusion175
- Acknowledgements175
- Chapter 9. A Data Warehouse Strategy for on-Demand Multiscale Mapping177
- 9.1 Introduction177
- 9.2 Web-Based On-Demand Mapping178
- 9.3 A Datawarehousing Architecture Combining Cartographic Generalisation and Multiple Representation179
- 9.4 Populating the Data Warehouse and the Vuel Datamart186
- 9.5 Exploiting the Vuel Datamart Using the UMapIT Prototype191
- 9.6 Future Improvements to UMapIT197
- 9.7 Conclusion197
- Acknowledgements198
- Chapter 10. Relevance of Generalisation to the Extraction and Communication of Wayfinding Informatio199
- 10.1 Aspects of Wayfinding199
- 10.2 Characterisation and Extraction of Objects Important to Wayfinding and Navigation202
- 10.3 Methods of Communicating Wayfinding Information205
- 10.4 Application of Landmarks for Wayfinding and Navigation209
- 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook210
- Chapter 11. 3D Building Generalisation211
- 11.1 Background211
- 11.2 The Necessity for 3D Building Generalisation216
- 11.3 Challenges of 3D Building Generalisation217
- 11.4 Description Models of 3D Buildings218
- 11.5 Methods of 3D Building Generalisation220
- 11.6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook231
- Acknowledgement231
- Chapter 12. Characterising Space via Pattern Recognition Techniques: Identifying Patterns in Road Ne233
- 12.1 Introduction233
- 12.2 What is pattern recognition?234
- 12.3 Patterns in Road Network237
- 12.4 Summary and Outlook253
- Acknowledgement253
- Chapter 13. Generalisation of Geographical Networks255
- 13.1 Introduction255
- 13.2 Early Approaches to Network Generalisation256
- 13.3 Exploiting Perceptual Grouping259
- 13.4 Concluding Remarks266
- Acknowledgements267
- Chapter 14. A Prototype Generalisation System Based on the Multi-Agent System Paradigm269
- 14.1 Introduction269
- 14.2 Principles of the Generalisation Model272
- 14.3 Making the Agents Communicate278
- 14.4 New Research Challenges282
- Chapter 15. Managing Generalisation Updates in IGN Map Production285
- 15.1 Introduction285
- 15.2 Map Generalisation in the Creation of the First Edition288
- 15.3 Incorporating Generalisation in the Updating Process295
- 15.4 Conclusion300
- Chapter 16. Automated Generalisation in a Map Production Environment - the KMS Experience301
- 16.1 Introduction301
- 16.2 Key Considerations in Automating Map Production Lines302
- 16.3 Generalisation Platform308
- 16.4 Present Generalisation Workflow309
- 16.5 Discussion313
- Chapter 17. Observations and Research Challenges in Map Generalisation and Multiple Representation315
- 17.1 Some Observations315
- 17.2 Research Challenges319
- 17.3 Conclusion321
- 17.4 In Closing323
- Consolidated Bibliography325
- Author Index357
- Subject Index367
Theoretical and Applied Solutions in Multi Scale Mapping
Users have come to expect instant access to up-to-date geographical information, with global coverage--presented at widely varying levels of detail, as digital and paper products; customisable data that can readily combined with other geographic information. These requirements present an immense challenge to those supporting the delivery of such services (National Mapping Agencies (NMA), Government Departments, and private business. Generalisation of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications provides detailed review of state of the art technologies associated with these challenges, including the most recent developments in cartometric analysis techniques able to support high levels of automation among multi scale derivation techniques.
The book illustrates the application of these ideas within existing and emerging technologies. In addition to providing a comprehensive theoretical underpinning, the book demonstrates how theoretical developments have translated into commercial systems deployed within NMAs.
The book explores relevance of open systems in support of collaborative research and open source web based map services.
* State of the art review on multi scale representation techniques
* Detailed consideration of database requirements and object modeling in support of emerging applications (3D, mobile) and innovative delivery (map generalisation services)
* Illustration through existing map production environment implementations
* Consolidated bibliography (680 entries), 200 illustrations, author and subject index
Users have come to expect instant access to up-to-date geographical information, with global coverage--presented at widely varying levels of detail, as digital and paper products; customisable data that can readily combined with other geographic information. These requirements present an immense challenge to those supporting the delivery of such services (National Mapping Agencies (NMA), Government Departments, and private business. Generalisation of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications provides detailed review of state of the art technologies associated with these challenges, including the most recent developments in cartometric analysis techniques able to support high levels of automation among multi scale derivation techniques.
The book illustrates the application of these ideas within existing and emerging technologies. In addition to providing a comprehensive theoretical underpinning, the book demonstrates how theoretical developments have translated into commercial systems deployed within NMAs.
The book explores relevance of open systems in support of collaborative research and open source web based map services.
* State of the art review on multi scale representation techniques
* Detailed consideration of database requirements and object modeling in support of emerging applications (3D, mobile) and innovative delivery (map generalisation services)
* Illustration through existing map production environment implementations
* Consolidated bibliography (680 entries), 200 illustrations, author and subject index