Groundwater Science
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Prefacexiii
- Chapter 1. Groundwater: the Big Picture1
- 1.1 Introduction1
- 1.2 Global Water Reservoirs and Fluxes4
- 1.3 Terminology for Subsurface Waters6
- 1.4 Fluxes Affecting Groundwater7
- 1.5 Hydrologic Balance13
- 1.6 Water and Groundwater Use15
- 1.7 What Groundwater Scientists Do16
- 1.8 Problems17
- Chapter 2. Physical Properties21
- 2.1 Introduction21
- 2.2 Properties of Water21
- 2.3 Properties of Air25
- 2.4 Properties of Porous Media25
- 2.5 Energy and Hydraulic Head30
- 2.6 Measuring Hydraulic Head with Wells and Piezometers33
- 2.7 Problems36
- Chapter 3. Principles of Flow39
- 3.1 Introduction39
- 3.2 Darcy’s Law and Hydraulic Conductivity39
- 3.3 Intrinsic Permeability and Conductivity of Other Fluids45
- 3.4 Limits on the Application of Darcy’s Law46
- 3.5 Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Hydraulic Conductivity48
- 3.6 Estimating Average Hydraulic Conductivities52
- 3.7 Transmissivity55
- 3.8 Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity55
- 3.9 Flow in Fractured Rock64
- 3.10 Unsaturated Flow65
- 3.11 Flow of Groundwater with Variable Density70
- 3.12 Problems75
- Chapter 4. Geology and Groundwater Flow81
- 4.1 Introduction81
- 4.2 Exploring the Subsurface81
- 4.3 General Patterns of Groundwater Flow93
- 4.4 Groundwater in Unconsolidated Deposits101
- 4.5 Groundwater in Sedimentary Rocks112
- 4.6 Groundwater in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks117
- 4.7 Frozen Ground and Permafrost121
- 4.8 Problems123
- Chapter 5. Deformation, Storage, and General Flow Equations125
- 5.1 Introduction125
- 5.2 Effective Stress125
- 5.3 Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations127
- 5.4 Excavation Instability and Liquefaction130
- 5.5 Slope Instability131
- 5.6 Earthquakes and Groundwater Pressures133
- 5.7 Matrix Compression136
- 5.8 Changes in Subsurface Water Storage147
- 5.9 General Flow Equations152
- 5.10 Overview of Mathematical Modeling160
- 5.11 Problems163
- Chapter 6. Modeling Steady Flow with Basic Methods167
- 6.1 Introduction167
- 6.2 Aquifers with Uniform Transmissivity167
- 6.3 Vertical Plane Flow191
- 6.4 Flow Net Graphical Solutions193
- 6.5 Unconfined Aquifers with a Horizontal Base202
- 6.6 Problems208
- Chapter 7. Modeling Transient Flow with Basic Methods215
- 7.1 Introduction215
- 7.2 Radial Flow in Aquifers with Uniform Transmissivity215
- 7.3 Pumping Test Analysis224
- 7.4 Additional Considerations for Pumping Tests231
- 7.5 Problems237
- Chapter 8. Computer-Assisted Flow Modeling241
- 8.1 Introduction241
- 8.2 Finite Difference Method241
- 8.3 Finite Element Method252
- 8.4 Analytic Element Method258
- 8.5 Strengths and Limitations of These Methods270
- 8.6 Model Calibration and Parameter Estimation272
- 8.7 Interpreting Model Results273
- 8.8 Problems274
- Chapter 9. Groundwater Chemistry279
- 9.1 Introduction279
- 9.2 Molecular Properties of Water280
- 9.3 Solute Concentration Units281
- 9.4 Natural Solutes283
- 9.5 Chemical Reactions290
- 9.6 Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation297
- 9.7 Gas–Water Partitioning299
- 9.8 Aqueous-Phase Reactions301
- 9.9 Sorption313
- 9.10 Isotopes321
- 9.11 Examples of Natural Groundwater Chemistry Processes328
- 9.12 Problems335
- Chapter 10. Groundwater Contamination339
- 10.1 Introduction339
- 10.2 Contamination Sources339
- 10.3 Organic Contaminants343
- 10.4 Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids352
- 10.5 Solute Transport Processes360
- 10.6 Case Studies of Solute Transport368
- 10.7 Modeling Solute Transport375
- 10.8 Investigating Contamination385
- 10.9 Remediating Contamination390
- 10.10 Problems400
- Appendix A. Units and Conversions405
- A.1 Length [L]405
- A.2 Area [L2]405
- A.3 Volume [L3]405
- A.4 Time[T]405
- A.5 Mass [M] and Weight [ML/T2] at Earth’s Surface405
- A.6 Force [ML/T2]406
- A.7 Pressure or Stress [M/LT2]406
- A.8 Energy [ML2/T2]406
- A.9 Power [ML2/T3]406
- A.10 Angle406
- A.11 Temperature406
- A.12 Velocity and Hydraulic Conductivity [L/T]406
- A.13 Transmissivity [L2/T]406
- A.14 Discharge (Flow Rate) [L3/T]407
- A.15 Unit Prefixes407
- A.16 Performing Unit Conversions407
- Appendix B. Mathematics Primer409
- B.1 Algebra and Geometry409
- B.2 Functions of One Variable410
- B.3 Formulas for Common Derivatives410
- B.4 Functions of Two or More Variables411
- Appendix C. Book Internet Site413
- Answers to Selected Problems415
- References419
- Index435
- Periodic Table of the Elements451
Groundwater Science is a timely, current, and comprehensive presentation of groundwater hydrology that integrates chemistry, physics, geology and calculus. With the input of students and other hydrology instructors, the author has developed a text reference that will be appreciated by students and professors alike.
* Provides an accompanying Web site (http://www.academicpress.com/groundwater) with sample data sets for problems, and links to groundwater sites and public domain software
* Integrates up-to-date material on field methods and flow modeling methods
* Covers recent contamination topics including non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), complex solute transport processes, and remediation
* Presents clear explanations, two-color figures, case studies, and worked examples throughout
* Solutions manual for all end-of-chapter problems is available to faculty who adopt the text
* Provides an accompanying Web site (http://www.academicpress.com/groundwater) with sample data sets for problems, and links to groundwater sites and public domain software
* Integrates up-to-date material on field methods and flow modeling methods
* Covers recent contamination topics including non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), complex solute transport processes, and remediation
* Presents clear explanations, two-color figures, case studies, and worked examples throughout
* Solutions manual for all end-of-chapter problems is available to faculty who adopt the text