Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Communication: A Practical Guide to Optical Networking
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Table of contents
- Table of contentsv
- Preface to the Third Editionix
- Part I: Technology Building Blocks1
- Chapter 1: Computers Full of Light: A Short History of Optical Data Communications3
- 1.1 THE OPTICAL TELEGRAPH3
- 1.2 LASERS REVIVE OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS6
- Chapter 2: Optical Fiber, Cables, and Connectors19
- 2.1. LIGHT PROPAGATION19
- 2.2. OPTICAL FIBER CHARACTERIZATION30
- REFERENCES41
- Chapter 3: Small Form Factor Fiber-Optic Interfaces43
- 3.1. INTRODUCTION43
- 3.2. MT-RJ CONNECTOR44
- 3.3. SC-DC47
- 3.4. VF-4549
- 3.5. LC CONNECTOR51
- 3.6. OTHER TYPES OF SFF CONNECTORS55
- 3.7. SFF, SFP, AND SFP + TRANSCEIVERS57
- 3.8. COMPARISON OF SFF FORM FACTORS60
- REFERENCES62
- Chapter 4: Specialty Fiber-Optic Cables63
- 4.1. INTRODUCTION: CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL FIBER63
- 4.2. NEXT-GENERATION OM3 MULTIMODE FIBER67
- 4.3. OPTICAL MODE CONDITIONERS70
- 4.4. ATTENUATED FIBER CABLES FOR WDM AND CABLE TV73
- 4.5. POLARIZATION CONTROLLING FIBERS74
- 4.6. DISPERSION CONTROLLING FIBERS77
- 4.7. PHOTOSENSITIVE FIBERS81
- 4.8. ACTIVE OPTICAL CABLES82
- REFERENCES83
- Case Study: Multimode Fiber Reuse for High-Speed Storage Area Networks87
- REFERENCES90
- Chapter 5: Optical Sources: Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Technology91
- 5.1. INTRODUCTION91
- 5.2. TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS91
- 5.3. DEVICE STRUCTURE„LED99
- 5.4. DEVICE STRUCTURE„LASERS100
- REFERENCES125
- Chapter 6: Detectors for Fiber Optics133
- 6.1. DETECTOR TERMINOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS133
- 6.2. PIN PHOTODIODE138
- 6.3. OTHER DETECTORS147
- 6.4. NOISE155
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT161
- REFERENCES161
- Chapter 7: Receiver Logic and Drive Circuitry163
- 7.1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW163
- 7.2. ELECTRICAL INTERFACE165
- 7.3. OPTICAL INTERFACE166
- 7.4. LINEAR AND LIMITING RECEIVERS172
- REFERENCES175
- Chapter 8: Optical Subassemblies177
- 8.1. FUNCTION OF THE OPTICAL SUBASSEMBLY177
- 8.2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSMITTER OSA178
- 8.3. BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE RECEIVER OSA179
- 8.4. COUPLING RADIATION FROM A LASER DIODE INTO A FIBER179
- 8.5. COUPLING RADIATION FROM A FIBER INTO A PHOTODETECTOR183
- 8.6. PACKAGING OF OPTICAL SUBASSEMBLIES185
- 8.7. OPTICAL SUBASSEMBLIES FOR PARALLEL OPTICAL LINKS188
- 8.8. OUTLOOK190
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS191
- REFERENCES191
- Chapter 9: Alignment Metrology and Manufacturing193
- 9.1. INTRODUCTION193
- 9.2. INTERFACE DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE193
- 9.3. LIGHT COUPLING194
- 9.4. ELEMENTS OF COUPLED POWER196
- 9.5. ALIGNMENT TECHNIQUES206
- 9.6. CONCLUSION216
- REFERENCES216
- Chapter 10: Packaging Assembly Techniques219
- 10.1. PACKAGING ASSEMBLY„OVERVIEW219
- 10.2. FIRST-LEVEL INTERCONNECTS220
- 10.3. PACKAGE TYPES228
- 10.4. PACKAGE TO BOARD ATTACH232
- 10.5. OPTICAL INTERCONNECT235
- REFERENCES238
- Part II: Links and Network Design239
- Chapter 11: Fiber-Optic Transceivers241
- 11.1. INTRODUCTION241
- 11.2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF FIBER-OPTIC TRANSCEIVERS243
- 11.3. THE OPTICAL INTERFACE246
- 11.4. NOISE TESTING OF TRANSCEIVERS250
- 11.5. PACKAGING OF TRANSCEIVERS (TRX)254
- 11.6. SERIES PRODUCTION OF TRANSCEIVERS258
- 11.7. TRANSCEIVERS TODAY AND TOMORROW262
- 11.8. PARALLEL OPTICAL LINKS266
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS270
- REFERENCES270
- Chapter 12: Optical Link Budgets and Design Rules271
- 12.1. FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINKS (TELECOM, DATACOM, AND ANALOG)271
- 12.2. FIGURES OF MERIT: SNR, BER, AND MER272
- 12.3. LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS: OPTICAL POWER PENALTIES278
- 12.4. GIGABIT ETHERNET LINK BUDGET MODEL295
- 12.5. LINK BUDGETS WITH OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION299
- REFERENCES301
- ADDITIONAL REFERENCE MATERIAL:303
- Case Study: WDM Link Budget Design305
- Chapter 13: Planning and Building the Optical Link307
- 13.1. INTRODUCTION307
- 13.2. PRIVATE NETWORKS307
- 13.3. STANDARDS321
- 13.4. HANDLING AND INSTALLING FIBER OPTICS330
- REFERENCES337
- Chapter 14: Test and Measurement of Fiber Optic Transceivers339
- 14.1. TRANSMITTER TEST339
- 14.2. CONSTRUCTION OF THE EYE-DIAGRAM341
- 14.3. OSCILLOSCOPE FREQUENCY RESPONSE345
- 14.4. EYE MASK TESTING346
- 14.5. EYE MASK DIMENSIONS AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS346
- 14.6. AUTOMATIC MASK TESTING348
- 14.7. FINDING THE ROOT CAUSES OF EYE MASK FAILURES349
- 14.8. EYE MASK SHAPES350
- 14.9. THE REFERENCE RECEIVER351
- 14.10. LASER TRANSMITTER EXTINCTION RATIO355
- 14.11. EXTINCTION RATIO MEASUREMENT ACCURACY356
- 14.12. OPTICAL MODULATION AMPLITUDE (OMA)359
- 14.13. GOLDEN PLL TRIGGERING FOR TRANSMITTER TESTING360
- 14.14. JITTER ANALYSIS361
- 14.15. RECEIVER TEST364
- 14.16. PATTERN GENERATOR365
- 14.17. THE ERROR DETECTOR366
- Chapter 15: Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing for Data Communication Networks371
- 15.1. BASICS OF WDM SYSTEMS371
- 15.2. AMPLIFIERS383
- 15.3. OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK„G.709385
- 15.4. 40G, 100G, AND HIGHER„PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS389
- 15.5. ROADMS„TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW AND APPLICATIONS392
- REFERENCES396
- Case Study: National LambdaRail Project399
- REFERENCE400
- Case Study: Optical Networks for Grid Computing403
- Chapter 16: Passive Optical Networks405
- 16.1. PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS405
- 16.2. PON VARIANTS AND STANDARDS413
- 16.3. COMPARISON OF MAIN PON APPROACHES423
- REFERENCES424
- Part III: Applications & Industry Standards425
- Chapter 17: Optical Interconnects for Clustered Computing Architectures427
- 17.1. INTRODUCTION427
- 17.2. COPPER VS. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY TRADEOFFS429
- 17.3. TOPOLOGIES431
- 17.4. LARGE-SCALE COMPUTING432
- 17.5. PARALLEL SYSPLEX AND GDPS433
- 17.6. OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS446
- 17.7 OPTICALLY INTERCONNECTED PARALLEL SUPERCOMPUTERS447
- 17.8 OPTICAL INTERCONNECT FUTURES448
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS450
- REFERENCES450
- Case Study: Parallel Optics for Supercomputer Clustering453
- Chapter 18: Manufacturing Environmental Laws, Directives, and Challenges455
- 18.1. INTRODUCTION455
- 18.2. WORLDWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL DIRECTIVES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS457
- 18.3. RESTRICTION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (RoHS)463
- 18.4 ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENT COMPLIANCE469
- 18.5 ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS IMPACTS470
- REFERENCES471
- Chapter 19: ATM, SONET, and GFP473
- 19.1. INTRODUCTION473
- 19.2. SONET475
- 19.3. ATM482
- 19.4. CLASSICAL IP OVER ATM492
- 19.5. ATM LAN EMULATION493
- 19.6. GFP AND LCAS498
- REFERENCES502
- Case Study: Facilities-Based Carrier Network Convergence and Bandwidth on Demand503
- Chapter 20: Fibre Channel„The Storage Interconnect505
- 20.1. INTRODUCTION TO FIBRE CHANNEL506
- 20.2. FIBER CHANNEL ROADMAP513
- 20.3. MULTIMODE LINK CONSIDERATIONS515
- 20.4. LINK POWER BUDGET ESTIMATION519
- 20.5 SINGLE-MODE LINK CONSIDERATIONS522
- 20.6. MAPPING TO UPPER LEVEL PROTOCOLS524
- 20.7. CLASS OF SERVICE527
- 20.8. FIBRE CHANNEL OVER METROPOLITAN AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS528
- 20.9. CONCLUSION530
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES531
- REFERENCES532
- Case Study: Design of Next Generation I/O for Mainframes533
- Case Study: Storage Area Network (SAN) Extension for Disaster Recovery535
- Chapter 21: Enterprise System Connection (ESCON) Fiber-Optic Link537
- 21.1. INTRODUCTION537
- 21.2. ESCON SYSTEM OVERVIEW537
- 21.3. ESCON LINK DESIGN541
- 21.4. SINGLE-MODE PHYSICAL LAYER551
- 21.5. PLANNING AND INSTALLATION OF AN ESCON LINK555
- 21.6. LOSS BUDGET ANALYSIS560
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS565
- REFERENCES565
- Case Study: Calculating an ESCON Optical Link Budget567
- Chapter 22: Enhanced Ethernet for the Data Center571
- 22.1. INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIC ETHERNET572
- 22.2. ETHERNET PHYSICAL LAYER576
- 22.3. GIGABIT AND 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET581
- 22.4. METRO AND CARRIER ETHERNET583
- 22.5. E-PONS AND ETHERNET FIRST MILE586
- 22.6. ENHANCED ETHERNET587
- REFERENCES588
- GENERAL REFERENCES589
- Case Study: Unbundling the Local Loop for Triple Play Networks591
- Chapter 23: FDDI and Local Area Networks593
- 23.1. INTRODUCTION593
- 23.2. MAC SPECIFICATIONS596
- 23.4. STATION MANAGEMENT600
- 23.5. FDDI-II603
- REFERENCES604
- Chapter 24: InfiniBand„The Cluster Interconnect605
- 24.1. INTRODUCTION605
- 24.2. INFINIBAND LINK LAYER606
- 24.3. OPTICAL SIGNAL AND JITTER METHODOLOGY610
- 24.4. OPTICAL LINK SYSTEM OVERVIEW618
- 24.5. OPTICAL RECEPTACLE AND CONNECTOR621
- 24.6. FIBER-OPTIC CABLE PLANT SPECIFICATIONS625
- REFERENCES626
- Part IV: Emerging Technologies & Industry Directions629
- Chapter 25: Emerging Technology for Fiber-Optic Data Communication631
- 25.1. INTRODUCTION631
- 25.2. ARCHITECTURE OF ALL-OPTICAL NETWORK632
- 25.3. TUNABLE TRANSMITTER635
- 25.4. TUNABLE RECEIVER637
- 25.5. OPTICAL AMPLIFIER641
- 25.6. WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXER/DEMULTIPLEXER643
- 25.7. WAVELENGTH ROUTER644
- 25.8. WAVELENGTH CONVERTER646
- 25.9. SUMMARY649
- REFERENCES650
- Case Study: Customer-Owned Wavelengths and P2P Optical Networking653
- REFERENCES655
- Chapter 26: Optical Backplanes, Board and Chip Interconnects657
- 26.1. INTRODUCTION657
- 26.2. OPTICAL BACKPLANES658
- 26.3. OPTICAL BOARD INTERCONNECTS663
- 26.4. OPTICAL CHIP INTERCONNECTION666
- 26.5. CONCLUSION673
- REFERENCES673
- Chapter 27: Silicon Photonics677
- 27.1. INTRODUCTION677
- 27.2. PASSIVE SILICON PHOTONIC DEVICES681
- 27.3. ACTIVE SILICON PHOTONIC DEVICES697
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT707
- REFERENCES707
- Chapter 28: Nanophotonics and Nanofibers713
- 28.1. INTRODUCTION713
- 28.2. NANOPHOTONICS714
- 28.3. NANOFIBERS720
- REFERENCES726
- Appendix A: Measurement Conversion Tables729
- Appendix B: Physical Constants731
- Appendix C: The 7-Layer OSI Model733
- Appendix D: Network Standards and Data Rates735
- ORGANIZATION OF MAJOR INDUSTRY STANDARDS735
- SONET/SDH737
- ETHERNET740
- 10 G ETHERNET WAN PHY742
- ETHERNET FIRST MILE STANDARDS743
- Appendix E: Other Datacom Developments751
- FREE-SPACE OPTICAL LINKS751
- OPTICAL CONNECTORS752
- TRANSCEIVERS752
- Appendix F: Laser Safety755
- LASER SAFETY CERTIFICATION INFORMATION760
- Index763
The third edition of this Handbook provides a comprehensive, easy to use guide to the field of optical fiber data communications. Written by experts in the industry from major companies such as IBM, Cisco and Nortel, the Handbook is a key reference for optical fiber technology, networking, protocols, applications, manufacturing, and future directions. It includes chapters on all the major industry standards, written by the same experts who developed them.
This edition contains new material on transceiver form factors (QSFP, SFP +, XFP, X2), manufacturing standards, including JEDEC and RoHS, as well as the latest revisions to industry standards including 8G and 10G Fiber Channel, FICON, SONET GFP/LCAS, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The book also contains new chapters on emerging technologies and leading edge applications such as silicon photonics, nanophotonics, parallel optical interconnects, specialty fiber cable types, and optical backplanes.
Features include:
* New Case Studies on Voice/Data Convergence, Redesigning Mainframe I/O, National LambdaRail, and optical peer-to-peer networks
* Includes an expanded listing of references on the World Wide Web, plus hard-to-find references for international, homologation, and type approval requirements
* Quick reference tables of all the key optical network parameters and a glossary that defines hundreds of technical terms and acronyms
* An accompanying website provides an online portal to the data communications community, containing podcasts on key topics, links to related material from technical societies, corporations and other professional organizations
Written for engineers by engineers, this Handbook will be an indispensable, hands-on reference for optical networks and equipment developers, designers, and installers, as well as for students studying optical fiber communications wanting an understanding of, and insight into, professional practice.
* New Case Studies on Voice/Data Convergence, Redesigning Mainframe I/O, National LambdaRail, and optical peer-to-peer networks
* Includes an expanded listing of references on the World Wide Web, plus hard-to-find references for international, homologation, and type approval requirements
* Quick reference tables of all the key optical network parameters and a glossary that defines hundreds of technical terms and acronyms
* An accompanying website provides an online portal to the data communications community, containing podcasts on key topics, links to related material from technical societies, corporations and other professional organizations
This edition contains new material on transceiver form factors (QSFP, SFP +, XFP, X2), manufacturing standards, including JEDEC and RoHS, as well as the latest revisions to industry standards including 8G and 10G Fiber Channel, FICON, SONET GFP/LCAS, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The book also contains new chapters on emerging technologies and leading edge applications such as silicon photonics, nanophotonics, parallel optical interconnects, specialty fiber cable types, and optical backplanes.
Features include:
* New Case Studies on Voice/Data Convergence, Redesigning Mainframe I/O, National LambdaRail, and optical peer-to-peer networks
* Includes an expanded listing of references on the World Wide Web, plus hard-to-find references for international, homologation, and type approval requirements
* Quick reference tables of all the key optical network parameters and a glossary that defines hundreds of technical terms and acronyms
* An accompanying website provides an online portal to the data communications community, containing podcasts on key topics, links to related material from technical societies, corporations and other professional organizations
Written for engineers by engineers, this Handbook will be an indispensable, hands-on reference for optical networks and equipment developers, designers, and installers, as well as for students studying optical fiber communications wanting an understanding of, and insight into, professional practice.
* New Case Studies on Voice/Data Convergence, Redesigning Mainframe I/O, National LambdaRail, and optical peer-to-peer networks
* Includes an expanded listing of references on the World Wide Web, plus hard-to-find references for international, homologation, and type approval requirements
* Quick reference tables of all the key optical network parameters and a glossary that defines hundreds of technical terms and acronyms
* An accompanying website provides an online portal to the data communications community, containing podcasts on key topics, links to related material from technical societies, corporations and other professional organizations