Handbook of Liquids-Assisted Laser Processing
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Forewordix
- Chapter 1 Introduction1
- 1.1 LALP Chronology4
- 1.2 Laser Processing and Analysis of Liquid Systems That Are Not Covered in This Book6
- 1.3 Inventions in Liquids-Assisted Laser Processing8
- Chapter 2 Cleaning11
- 2.1 Introduction11
- 2.2 Principles of Liquids-Assisted Laser Cleaning12
- 2.2.1 Particles removal by frontside laser irradiation (steam laser cleaning)12
- 2.2.2 Particles removal by backside laser irradiation12
- 2.2.3 Removal of particles by laser-generated acoustic waves in liquid13
- 2.2.4 Liquid-assisted laser shock cleaning13
- 2.2.5 Removal of particles by bubble collapse induced flow13
- 2.2.6 Removal of surface layers by laser ablation/spallation in liquid14
- 2.2.7 Removal of frozen gas and liquid layers from optical surfaces15
- 2.2.8 Laser-generated shock wave enhanced scale removal16
- 2.2.9 Removal of organic contaminants by water decomposition products16
- 2.2.10 Cleaning of surfaces through contaminants dissolution in laser-generated supercritical soluti16
- 2.2.11 Dehydroxylation of a silica glass surface16
- 2.2.12 Ice-assisted laser particles removal17
- 2.3 Particles on Solid Surfaces17
- 2.3.1 Adhesion phenomena and adhesion forces17
- 2.3.2 Adhesion force theories considering the deformation of the particle and the substrate25
- 2.4 Experimental Techniques in Laser Wet/Steam Cleaning Research30
- 2.4.1 Preparation of particles covered surfaces30
- 2.4.2 Application of liquid and monitoring the liquid film thickness and condition31
- 2.4.3 Complete cleaning systems33
- 2.4.4 Measuring and monitoring techniques in steam laser cleaning33
- 2.5 Physics and Phenomenology of Liquids-Assisted Laser Removal of Particles from Surfaces37
- 2.5.1 Detailed description of the standard steam cleaning process37
- 2.5.2 Optical effects37
- 2.5.3 Acceleration and inertial effects37
- 2.5.4 Heating and phase change (absorbing substrate, non-absorbing liquid)39
- 2.5.5 Hydrodynamic effects43
- 2.5.6 Particles removal threshold and efficiency in steam laser cleaning44
- 2.5.7 Effect of capillary condensed water in 'dry' laser cleaning45
- Chapter 3 Shock Processing69
- 3.1 Introduction69
- 3.2 Residual Stresses and Their Measurement70
- 3.3 Laser Shock Peening77
- 3.3.1 Introduction77
- 3.3.2 Experimental techniques77
- 3.3.3 Shock pressure81
- 3.3.4 Shock propagation and wave phenomena82
- 3.3.5 Shock-induced changes in materials84
- 3.3.6 Mathematical models of laser shock peening88
- 3.3.7 Applications of laser peening103
- 3.4 Laser Shock Forming and Cladding140
- 3.4.1 Forming140
- 3.4.2 Cladding140
- 3.5 Densification of Porous Materials141
- Chapter 4 Subtractive Processing143
- 4.1 Frontside Machining143
- 4.1.1 Introduction143
- 4.1.2 Frontside micromachining145
- 4.1.3 High-power laser underwater and water-assisted cutting167
- 4.2 Liquid-Jet-Guided Laser Beam Machining171
- 4.2.1 Applications and performance174
- 4.2.2 Molten salt-jet-guided laser beam174
- 4.3 Water at Backside of an Opaque Material177
- 4.4 Backside Machining of Transparent Materials177
- 4.4.1 Introduction177
- 4.4.2 Technologies, phenomenology, and etching mechanisms181
- 4.5 Machining of Liquid-Containing Materials202
- 4.5.1 Rock drilling202
- 4.5.2 Biological materials203
- 4.6 Laser Cleaving of Crystals in Water and of Water-Containing Crystals203
- 4.6.1 Breaking of single-crystal silicon wafers203
- 4.6.2 Cleaving of protein crystals203
- Chapter 5 Generation and Modification of Particles209
- 5.1 Introduction209
- 5.2 Optical Properties of Small Particles210
- 5.3 Experimental Techniques of Particles Generation213
- 5.4 Metal Particles214
- 5.4.1 Introduction214
- 5.4.2 Mechanisms determining the particles size214
- 5.4.3 Modification of suspending particles by laser irradiation217
- 5.5 Inorganic Compound Particles240
- 5.5.1 Hydrothermal growth240
- 5.6 Silicon and Amorphous Carbon Particles250
- 5.7 Diamond and DLC Particles and Films250
- 5.8 Organic Particles258
- Chapter 6 Surface Modification, Deposition of Thin Films, Welding, and Cladding261
- 6.1 Surface Modification261
- 6.1.1 Modification of surfaces of inorganic materials261
- 6.1.2 Modification surfaces of organic materials262
- 6.2 Deposition and Transfer of Thin Films262
- 6.2.1 Laser ablation deposition in water vapour262
- 6.2.2 Laser ablation deposition using a liquid target266
- 6.2.3 Laser ablation deposition using frozen target272
- 6.2.4 Forward transfer from solution (LIFT, MDW)273
- 6.3 Welding and Cladding Under Water277
- Chapter 7 Physics and Chemistry of Laser–Liquid–Solid Interactions281
- 7.1 Laser Beams and Their Propagation281
- 7.1.1 Properties of Gaussian beams282
- 7.1.2 Reflection of light285
- 7.1.3 Propagation of Gaussian beams287
- 7.2 Phase Change Phenomena288
- 7.2.1 Overall phenomenology288
- 7.2.2 Vaporization from free liquid surfaces289
- 7.2.3 Nucleation of vapour bubbles290
- 7.2.4 Bubble dynamics292
- 7.3 Optical Breakdown of Liquids and Plasma295
- 7.3.1 Photoionization of a dielectric liquid295
- 7.3.2 Cascade ionization (avalanche ionization)296
- 7.3.3 Photoionization absorption coefficients of atoms297
- 7.3.4 Thermal ionization297
- 7.3.5 Diffusion loss of electrons from the plasma297
- 7.3.6 Recombination loss298
- 7.3.7 Thermal conductivity of the plasma298
- 7.3.8 Rate equation for free electrons298
- 7.3.9 Internal energy density of electrons and particles in plasma299
- 7.3.10 Energy balance equation for electrons299
- 7.3.11 Heat flux conducted from plasma to adjacent matter300
- 7.3.12 Dependence of optical breakdown threshold on laser pulse length300
- 7.3.13 Factors affecting the breakdown threshold in liquids300
- 7.3.14 Temperatures and pressures at laser breakdown and ablation in water301
- 7.4 Shock Waves in Liquids and Solids302
- 7.5 Laser-Induced Reactions of Carbon with Organic Solvents and Water306
- 7.5.1 Reactions of carbon with organic solvents306
- 7.5.2 Reactions of carbon with water308
- 7.6 Behaviour of Oxides in High Temperature Water and Water Vapour308
- Chapter 8 Liquids and Their Properties315
- 8.1 Introduction315
- 8.2 Properties of 100 Selected Liquids332
- 8.3 Properties of Water379
- References387
- Glossary423
- A423
- B424
- C425
- D426
- E427
- F428
- G428
- H429
- I430
- K430
- L431
- M432
- N434
- O434
- P434
- R435
- S435
- T438
- U439
- V439
- W440
- Y440
- Z440
- Subject Index441
- A441
- B441
- C442
- D443
- E443
- F444
- G444
- H444
- I444
- J445
- K445
- L445
- M445
- N446
- O447
- P447
- Q448
- R448
- S448
- T449
- U450
- V450
- W450
- X450
- Y450
- Z450
- Liquids451
- A451
- B451
- C452
- D452
- E452
- F452
- G452
- H453
- I453
- K453
- L453
- M453
- N453
- O454
- P454
- S454
- T454
- V454
- W454
- X454
Laser processing of solid materials has been commonly performed in gas ambient. Having the workpiece immersed into liquid, having a liquid film on it, or soaking the material with liquid gives several advantages such as removal of the debris, lowering the heat load on the workpiece, and confining the vapour and plasma, resulting in higher shock pressure on the surface.
Introduced in the 1980s, neutral liquids assisted laser processing (LALP) has proved to be advantageous in the cutting of heat-sensitive materials, shock peening of machine parts, cleaning of surfaces, fabrication of micro-optical components, and for generation of nanoparticles in liquids. The liquids used range from water through organic solvents to cryoliquids.
The primary aim of the book is to present the essentials of previous research (tabulated data of experimental conditions and results), and help researchers develop new processing and diagnostics techniques (presenting data of liquids and a review of physical phenomena associated with LALP). Engineers can use the research results and technological innovation information to plan their materials processing tasks.
Laser processing in liquids has been applied to a number of different tasks in various fields such as mechanical engineering, microengineering, chemistry, optics, and bioscience. A comprehensive glossary with definitions of the terms and explanations has been added.
The book covers the use of chemically inert liquids under normal conditions. Laser chemical processing examples are presented for comparison only.
- First book in this rapidly growing field impacting mechanical and micro/nano-engineering
- Covers different kinds of liquid-assisted laser processing of a large variety of materials
- Covers lasers emitting from UV to IR with pulse lengths down to femtoseconds
- Reviews over 500 scientific articles and 300 inventions and tabulates their main features
- Gives a qualitative and quantitative description of the physical phenomena associated with LALP
- Tabulates 61 parameters for 100 liquids
- Glossary of over 200 terms and abbreviations
Introduced in the 1980s, neutral liquids assisted laser processing (LALP) has proved to be advantageous in the cutting of heat-sensitive materials, shock peening of machine parts, cleaning of surfaces, fabrication of micro-optical components, and for generation of nanoparticles in liquids. The liquids used range from water through organic solvents to cryoliquids.
The primary aim of the book is to present the essentials of previous research (tabulated data of experimental conditions and results), and help researchers develop new processing and diagnostics techniques (presenting data of liquids and a review of physical phenomena associated with LALP). Engineers can use the research results and technological innovation information to plan their materials processing tasks.
Laser processing in liquids has been applied to a number of different tasks in various fields such as mechanical engineering, microengineering, chemistry, optics, and bioscience. A comprehensive glossary with definitions of the terms and explanations has been added.
The book covers the use of chemically inert liquids under normal conditions. Laser chemical processing examples are presented for comparison only.
- First book in this rapidly growing field impacting mechanical and micro/nano-engineering
- Covers different kinds of liquid-assisted laser processing of a large variety of materials
- Covers lasers emitting from UV to IR with pulse lengths down to femtoseconds
- Reviews over 500 scientific articles and 300 inventions and tabulates their main features
- Gives a qualitative and quantitative description of the physical phenomena associated with LALP
- Tabulates 61 parameters for 100 liquids
- Glossary of over 200 terms and abbreviations