Elsevier S & T

Handbook of Milk Composition

AUTHOR, UNKNOWN

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Table of contents

Contentsv
Contributorsxvii
Forewordxxi
Prefacexxiii
Chapter I. Introduction1
I. Purpose1
II. General Description of Milks2
References3
Chapter 2. The Structure of Milk: Implications for Sampling and Storage5
A. The Milk Lipid Globule Membrane5
I. lntracellular Origin and Growth of Milk Lipid Globules5
II. Role of lntracellular Lipid Droplet Coat Material7
III. Milk Lipid Globule Secretion8
IV. Nature and Frequency of Cytoplasmic Crescents10
V. Size and Membrane Area Distribution of Milk Lipid Globules14
VI. Nature of Milk Llipid Globule Membranes16
VII. Reorganization of the Membrane during Storage and Processing36
References44
B. Particulate Constituents in Human and Bovine Milks50
I. Introduction50
II. Cells and Membrane Fragments53
Ill. Emulsion Parameters56
IV. Casein Micelles58
V. Summary60
References61
C. Sampling and Storage of Human Milk63
I. Introduction63
II. Mechanisms of Milk Secretion and Ejection63
III. Methods for Obtaining a Representative Milk Sample68
IV. Sources of Change in Milk Composition during Storage71
V. Recommendations for Storage of Milk Samples73
VI. Summary76
References77
D. Sampling and Storage of Bovine Milk79
1. Introduction79
II. Sampling79
III. Storage80
References80
E. The Physical Properties of Human and Bovine Milks81
I. Introduction81
II. Electrical Conductivity81
III. Freezing Point82
IV. Boiling Point82
V. Osmolality or Osmotic Pressure82
VI. pH82
VII. Specific Gravity84
VIII. Surface Tension84
IX. Titratable Acidity84
X. Specific Heat84
XI. Coefficient of Expansion85
XII. Viscosity85
References85
Chapter 3. Determinants of Milk Volume and Composition87
A. Lactogenesis in Women: A Cascade of Events Revealed by Milk Composition87
I. Introduction87
II. The Physiological Basis of Lactogenesis88
Ill. The Composition of the Preparation Mammary Secretion89
IV. Implications of Changes in Milk Composition during Lactogenesis92
V. Summary and Conclusions96
References97
B. Volume and Caloric Density of Human Milk99
1. Introduction99
II. Methods for Measurement of Milk Volume100
III. Milk Volumes in Exclusively Breast-Feeding Women106
IV. Breast Milk Volumes Transferred to Partially Breast-Fed Infants108
V. Caloric Density of Human Milk108
VI. Conclusions110
References111
C. Volume and Caloric Density of Bovine Milk114
I. Volume114
II. Calorie Density114
References114
D. Regional Variations in the Composition of Human Milk115
I. Summary115
References217
E. Effects of Gestational Stage at Delivery on Human Milk Components222
I. Introduction222
II. Nitrogen Composition of Preterm Milk224
Ill. Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Fraction of Preterm Milk226
IV. Macrominerals and Electrolytes227
V. Trace Elements227
VI. Vitamins229
VII. Physiological Basis of Preterm Milk Composition229
VIII. Summary234
References234
F. Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Composition and Volume of Human and Bovine Milks237
I. Introduction237
II. Human Milk237
III. Bovine Milk260
References267
Chapter 4. Carbohydrates in Milks: Analysis, Quantities, and Significance273
1. Introduction273
II. Analytical Measurement of Carbohydrates in Milk274
III. Human Milk Lactose280
IV. Human Milk Glucose288
V. Human Milk Galactose289
VI. Human Milk Oligosaccharides289
VII. Lactose in Nonhuman Milk302
VIII. Other Carbohydrates in Nonhuman Milk303
IX. Summary336
X. Speculation on Functions of Lactose336
References338
Chapter 5. Nitrogenous Components of Milk351
A. Human Milk Proteins351
I. Introduction351
II. Caseins353
III. Whey Proteins358
References364
B. Nonprotein Nitrogen Fractions of Human Milk369
I. Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Fraction369
II. Components of Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Fraction374
III. Factors Affecting Milk Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Composition381
IV. Quantitative Recovery of Components in the Acid-Soluble Fraction of Milk382
V. Summary383
References385
C. Enzymes in Human Milk388
1. Introduction388
II. Milk Enzymes Active Mainly in the Mammary Gland388
III. Milk Enzymes without Well-Defined Function398
IV. Milk Enzymes Important in Neonatal Development402
References416
D. Hormones and Growth Factors in Human Milk428
I. Introduction428
II. Explanation of Data428
References432
E. Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Human and Bovine Milks436
I. Introduction436
II. Analytical Methodology439
III. Composition of Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Milk446
IV. Significance of Dietary Nucleotides in Infant Nutrition456
V. Summary460
References461
F. Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Bovine Milk464
I. Introduction464
II. Protein Composition464
III. Amino Acid Composition465
References467
G. Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Bovine Milk468
1. Nitrogen Content of Milk468
II. Milk NPN469
References470
H. Enzymes Indigenous to Bovine Milk472
I. Introduction472
II. Enzymes of Technological Significance475
References476
I. Hormones and Growth Factors in Bovine Milk476
I. Introduction476
II. Hormones479
III. Summary488
References489
Chapter 6. Milk Lipids A. Human Milk Lipids495
A. Human Milk Lipids495
I. Introduction495
II. Collection, Preparation, and Storage of Samples496
III. Determinations of Lipid Content497
IV. Factors Affecting Total Lipid Content497
V. Lipid Classes497
References537
B. Bovine Milk Lipids543
I. Introduction543
II. Collection, Preparation, and Storage of Samples543
III. Determination of Lipid Content543
IV. Factors Affecting Total Lipid Content544
V. Lipid Classes544
VI. Summary572
References573
Chapter 7. Minerals, Ions, and Trace Elements in Milk577
A. Ionic Interactions in Milk577
I. Introduction577
II. Methodologies578
Ill. Hydrogen Ion Equilibria in Milk582
IV. Distribution of Monovalent Ions in Milk582
V. Distribution of Divalent Cations among the Structural Cornpartmenu of Milk583
VI. Calcium and Zinc Binding to Casein585
VII. Divalent Cation Equilibria in the Aqueous Compartment of Milk586
VIII. Summary and Conclusions590
References590
B. Major Minerals and Ionic Constitutents of Human and Bovine Milks593
I. Introduction593
II. Major Monovalent Ions: Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride593
111. Divalent Ions: Calcium, Magnesium, Citrate, Phosphate, and Sulfate600
References619
C. Microminerals in Human and Animal Milks622
I. Nutritional Aspects of Microminerals622
II. Microminerals in Milks626
III. Radioisotopes656
References661
Chapter 8. Vitamins in Milk675
A. Water-Soluble Vitamins in Human Milk675
I. Introduction675
II. Methodological Considerations675
III. Factors That Influence Water-Soluble Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk676
IV. Water-Soluble Vitamin Contents of Human Milk679
V. Summary685
References686
B. Water-Soluble Vitamins in Bovine Milk688
I. Introduction688
II. Forms and Stability688
III. Summary691
References692
C. Carotenoids, Retinoids, and Vitamin K in Human Milk693
I. Introduction693
II. Retinoids693
III. Carotenoids698
IV. Vitamin K700
V. Fat-Soluble Vitamins-Methodological Considerations702
References703
D. Vitamins D and E in Human Milk706
I. Introduction706
II. Vitamin D706
III. Vitamin E710
References715
E. Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Bovine Milk718
I. Introduction718
II. Carotenoids and Retinoids718
III. Vitamin D720
IV. Tocopherols (Vitamin E)721
V. Vitamin K723
References724
Chapter 9. Defense Agents in Milk727
A. Defense Agents in Human Milk727
1. Introduction727
II. Types of Defense Agents in Human Milk728
III. Coda738
References738
B. Defense Agents in Bovine Milk746
I. Introduction746
II. Lysozyme746
Ill. Lactoferrin746
IV. Lactoperoxidases747
V. Immunoglobulins747
VI. Vitamin-Binding Proteins747
VII. Lipids747
VIII. Summary748
References748
Chapter 10. Comparative Analysis of Nonhuman Milks749
A. Phylogenetic Variation in the Gross Composition of Milks
I. Introduction749
II. Factors Affecting Milk Composition Data750
III. Phylogenetic Patterns in Milk Composition770
IV. Conclusion779
References780
B. Phylogenetic and Ecological Variation in the Fatty Acid Composition of Milks789
I. Introduction789
II. The Sources of Fatty Acids among Species790
III. Considerations in Sampling and Analysis of Milk Fatty Acids792
IV. Selection Criteria for the Milk Fatty Acid Table796
V. Patterns of Milk Fatty Acids among Taxonomic Groups798
VI. Conclusions822
References823
C. Comparative Analysis of Milks Used for Human Consumption828
I. Introduction828
II. Chemical Properties of Milks829
III. Uses for Milks of Domesticated Animals832
IV. Summary833
References833
D. Infant Formulas835
I. Introduction835
II. Composition835
References837
Chapter 11. Contaminants in Milk857
A. Drugs and Contaminants in Human Milk857
I. Contaminants857
II. Chemical Constituents of Human Milk858
III. Pharmacokinetic Approach to Drug Transport into Milk859
IV. Properties of Substances That Influence Distribution in Milk868
V. The Characteristics of the Infant870
VI. Substances That Influence Milk Production871
VII. Exposure to a "Recreational Drug"- Nicotine872
VIII. Environmental Substances in Milk873
IX. Heavy Metal as Contaminants in Human Milk874
X. Insecticides877
XI. Other Environmental Contaminants879
XII. Concluding Thoughts880
References880
B. Contaminants in Bovine Milk887
I. Introduction887
II. Chlorinated Pesticides and Related Compounds: PCBs, PBBs, and Dioxins888
III. Veterinary and Other Drugs891
IV. Detergents and Disinfectants895
V. Mycotoxins896
VI. Metals897
VII. Radionuclides899
VIII. Summary900
References900
Chapter 12. Summary903
Index905

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780123844309
ISBN-13 9780080533117
Author AUTHOR, UNKNOWN
Category Technology & Engineering
Subject Food Science

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This informative treatise offers a concise collection of existing, expert data summarizing the composition of milk. The Handbook of Milk Composition summarizes current information on all aspects of human and bovine milk, including: sampling, storage, composition, as well as specific chapters on major and minor components such as protein, carbohydrates, lipids, electrolytes, minerals, vitamins and hormones. The book also features comprehensive coverage of compartmentation, host-defense components, factors affecting composition, composition of commercial formulas, and contaminants.

* Reliable data on the composition of human and bovine milks.
* Discusses the many factors affecting composition.
* Composition tables make up 25-30% of the total book.
* Problems concerning sampling and analysis are described.
* Should appeal equally to industry and academia.
* Also of interest to developing countries in need of information on infant nutrition and agricultural development

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