Handbook of Pediatric Transfusion Medicine
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Table of contents
- Copyright Pageiv
- Table of Contentsvii
- Prefacexiii
- Acknowledgmentsxv
- About the Editorsxvii
- List of Contributorsxix
- Chapter 1. Blood Donation1
- Overview1
- Donor Recruitment1
- Autologous Donation2
- Directed Donation3
- Limited Donor Exposure3
- Blood Collection3
- Apheresis8
- Plasmapheresis8
- References8
- Chapter 2. Component Preparation and Storage11
- Introduction11
- Unique Transfusion Needs of the Neonatal and Pediatric Patient11
- Blood Donation Issues17
- Anticoagulant-Preservative Solutions18
- Individual Components for Transfusion19
- Record Keeping for Component Preparation22
- Storage of Blood and Blood Products23
- Summary24
- References24
- Chapter 3. Blood Components27
- Introduction27
- Whole Blood and Packed Red Blood Cells27
- Platelets31
- Granulocytes33
- Plasma Products34
- Cryoprecipitate36
- Ordering36
- Coagulation Factors37
- Albumin38
- Gamma-Globulins39
- References42
- Chapter 4. Red Blood Cell Antigens and Human Blood Groups45
- Introduction45
- ABO Blood Group System45
- RH Blood Group System47
- Kell Blood Group System48
- Duffy Blood Group System49
- Clinical Significance49
- Kidd Blood Group System49
- MNS Blood Group System50
- P Blood Group System51
- Lutheran Blood Group System51
- Lewis Blood Group System52
- Diego Blood Group System53
- Cartwright Blood Group System53
- Xg Blood Group System53
- Scianna Blood Group System54
- Dombrock Blood Group System54
- Colton Blood Group55
- LW Blood Group System56
- Chido-Rogers Blood Group System56
- Hh Blood Group System56
- XK Blood Group System57
- Gerbich Blood Group System57
- Cromer Blood Group System57
- Knops Blood Group System58
- Indian Blood Group System58
- Ok Blood Group System58
- RAPH Blood Group System58
- JMH Blood Group System59
- Cost Blood Group Collection59
- Er Blood Group Collection59
- Ii Blood Group Collection59
- Globoside Collection60
- Low-Prevalence Antigens60
- High-Prevalence Antigens61
- References61
- Chapter 5. Pretransfusion Compatibility Testing63
- Introduction63
- ABO(H)63
- Rh(D)65
- Other Red Cell Antigens66
- Direct Antiglobulin Test67
- Antibody Detection Test (Screen)67
- Crossmatch (XM)69
- Turnaround Times70
- Suggested Reading71
- References
- Chapter 6. Serologic Investigation of Unexpected Antibodies73
- Introduction73
- Common Antibody Identification Methods73
- Process for Evaluation of Positive Antibody Detection Tests77
- References83
- Chapter 7. Leukoreduced Products: Prevention of Leukocyte-Related Transfusion-Associated Adverse Eff85
- Introduction85
- Rationale for Leukoreduction of Blood Components85
- Specific Indications for LR Products85
- Contraindications, Side Effects, and Hazards88
- Leukoreduction Technologies88
- Products, Standards, and Quality Control89
- Universal Leukoreduction89
- Leukoreduced Blood Products and Pediatric Transfusion Medicine90
- References90
- Chapter 8. Preparation of Blood Components to Reduce Cytomegalovirus and Other Infectious Risks93
- Introduction93
- Red Blood Cell and Platelet Components with Reduced Infectious Risks93
- Plasma Components, Derivatives, and Factors to Eliminate Pathogens97
- Nucleic Acid Targeted Inactivation Strategies97
- Summary98
- References98
- Chapter 9. Irradiated Products101
- History101
- Pathogenesis101
- Clinical Manifestations102
- Diagnosis of TA-GVHD102
- Time Course of Microchimerism102
- Groups at Risk103
- The Irradiation Process103
- Instrumentation for Irradiation104
- Components to be Irradiated105
- Storage of Red Cells and Platelets after Irradiation106
- Selection of Radiation Dose107
- Quality Assurance Measures108
- Confrming That Irradiation Occurred108
- New Methods in the Prevention of TA-GVHD109
- Treatment of TA-GVHD110
- References110
- Chapter 10. Washed and/or Volume- Reduced Blood Components113
- Introduction113
- Washed Red Blood Cells113
- Washed And Volume-Reduced Platelet Concentrates117
- References119
- Chapter 11. Technical Considerations/Mechanical Devices121
- Introduction121
- Intravenous Delivery Systems for Blood and Components121
- Exchange Transfusion in the Newborn126
- References128
- Chapter 12. Red Blood Cell Transfusions in the Neonate, Infant, Child, and Adolescent131
- Introduction131
- RBC Transfusions for Children and Adolescents131
- RBC Transfusions for Neonates and Infants133
- References135
- Chapter 13. Transfusion of the Pediatric Surgery, Trauma, and Intensive Care Unit Patient137
- Abstract137
- Age, Size, and Rate of Transfusion137
- Red Blood Cell Transfusion139
- Platelet Transfusions140
- Cryoprecipitate and Fresh Frozen Plasma142
- Hemostatic Agents in Acute Care146
- References147
- Chapter 14. Pediatric Transfusion in Developing Countries149
- Introduction149
- Special Transfusion Issues in Resource-Restricted Countries149
- Blood Collection and Processing in Developing Countries151
- Risks of Infectious Disease Transmission by Transfusion153
- Current Transfusion Practices155
- Prevention Measures to Reduce Need for Transfusion156
- References156
- Chapter 15. Exchange Transfusion in the Infant159
- Introduction159
- Rationale and Indications159
- Procedure161
- Selection of Donor Blood162
- Complications163
- References164
- Chapter 16. Granulocyte Transfusions in the Neonate and Child167
- Abstract167
- Introduction167
- Myelopoiesis168
- Neonatal Neutropenia and Dysfunction168
- Childhood Neutropenia169
- Mobilization of Donor Granulocytes171
- Therapeutic Granulocyte Transfusions in Children and Adults173
- Granulocyte Transfusion in the Neonate177
- Summary and Recommendations of Granulocyte Transfusions178
- References179
- Chapter 17. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Cardiopulmonary Bypass181
- Introduction181
- Circuit for ECMO and CPB181
- ECMO183
- CPB186
- Summary188
- References188
- Chapter 18. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn191
- Introduction191
- Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Disease191
- Rh Hemolytic Disease192
- ABO Hemolytic Disease194
- Hemolytic Disease Due to Other Red Cell Antibodies195
- T Activation198
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease199
- Red Cell Enzyme Deficiencies199
- Red Cell Membrane Defects200
- Disorders of Hemoglobin Synthesis201
- Other Causes of Hemolytic Disease in Neonates202
- Therapy202
- References207
- Chapter 19. Hemoglobinopathies209
- Introduction209
- Sickle Cell Disease209
- Thalassemias217
- References218
- Chapter 20. The Bleeding Child: Congenital and Acquired Disorders221
- Abstract221
- Introduction221
- Coagulation Overview221
- Clinical Evaluation of Bleeding Problems222
- Laboratory Evaluation223
- Specific Factor Assays225
- Inherited Coagulation Disorders225
- Acquired Hemorrhagic Disorders238
- References241
- Chapter 21. Transfusion of the Patient with Autoimmune Hemolysis245
- Introduction245
- Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Findings245
- Classification245
- Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia246
- Cold Agglutinin Syndrome247
- Mixed-Type Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia248
- Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia248
- Less Common Types of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia249
- Transfusion Therapy in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia250
- References251
- Chapter 22. Platelet Transfusions in the Infant and Child253
- Introduction253
- Platelet Products and Special Preparations253
- Platelet Transfusions in Children256
- Platelet Transfusions in Neonates259
- Reactions to Platelet Transfusions263
- Potential Alternatives to Platelet Transfusions265
- References265
- Chapter 23. Bone Marrow–Derived Stem Cells271
- Introduction271
- Product Description271
- Collection and Storage273
- Special Preparation and Processing274
- Expected Response278
- Alternative HPC Sources279
- References280
- Chapter 24. Peripheral Blood Stem Cells283
- Introduction283
- Product Description283
- Collection285
- Special Preparation287
- Ordering and Administration290
- Potential Adverse Effects291
- Alternative HPC Sources292
- References292
- Chapter 25. Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells295
- Introduction295
- Collection, Storage, and Handling295
- Clinical Applications297
- References299
- Chapter 26. Transfusion Reactions301
- Introduction301
- Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions301
- Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions307
- Allergic Transfusion Reactions309
- Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions311
- Special Considerations for Newborn Infants314
- References315
- Chapter 27. Noninfectious Complications of Pediatric Transfusion317
- Introduction317
- Transfusion Reactions317
- Metabolic Complications320
- Cardiac Overload322
- Alloimmunization322
- T Antigen Activation322
- Dilutional Coagulopathy323
- Complications of Iron Overload from Chronic Transfusion323
- References325
- Chapter 28. Infectious Complications329
- Introduction329
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus329
- Hepatitis331
- Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)333
- Cytomegalovirus334
- Parvovirus B19335
- Parasitic Infections336
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease337
- Bacterial Infections337
- References339
- Chapter 29. Therapeutic Apheresis343
- Introduction343
- Goals of Therapeutic Apheresis343
- Indication Categories345
- Physiology and Adverse Effects346
- General Approach to Pediatric Patients Needing Therapeutic Apheresis347
- Planning Pediatric Procedures348
- Vascular Access348
- Hemodynamic Challenges349
- Procedural Modifications for Pediatric Patients349
- Summary351
- Suggested Reading351
- Chapter 30. Therapeutic Cytapheresis353
- Introduction353
- Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines353
- General Technical Considerations for Pediatrics354
- Erythrocytapheresis/Red Cell Exchange Transfusion354
- Leukapheresis359
- Plateletpheresis (Thrombocytapheresis)361
- Adverse Reactions362
- References363
- Chapter 31. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Rationales and Indications365
- Introduction365
- Guillain-Barré Syndrome365
- Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy367
- Sydenham’s Chorea and PANDAS368
- Rasmussen’s Encephalitis369
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura369
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome370
- Familial Hypercholesterolemia370
- Refsum’s Disease371
- Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis371
- Solid Organ Transplantation372
- Other Diseases373
- Summary374
- References374
- Appendix. Transfusion Formulas375
- Approximate Blood Volumes (BV)375
- Plasma Volume (PV)375
- Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion375
- Estimation of Blood Volume Exchanged375
- Partial Exchange Transfusion for Polycythemia376
- Exchange Transfusion for Anemia376
- Preparation of Blood Product with Specific Hct Using FFP376
- Platelet Transfusion376
- Coagulation376
- Massive Transfusions377
- Composition of Anticoagulants377
- Index379
Structured to be a companion to the recently published Handbook of Transfusion Medicine, the Handbook of Pediatric Transfusion Medicine is dedicated to pediatric hematology-oncology and transfusion medicine, a field which remains ambiguous and which has generated few comprehensive texts. This book stands alone as one of the few texts that addresses transfusion issues specific to pediatric medicine. Written in an eminently readable style, this authoritative handbook is a requirement for any pediatric physician or caregiver.
* Neonatal and fetal immune response and in utero development issues
* Blood compatability and pre-transfusion testing issues specific to pediatric and neonatal transfusion
* Therapeutic apheresis including red blood cell exchange and prophylactic chronic erythrocytapheresis for sickle cell patients
* Also includes a section that concentrates on the consent, quality and legal issues of blood transfusion and donation
* Neonatal and fetal immune response and in utero development issues
* Blood compatability and pre-transfusion testing issues specific to pediatric and neonatal transfusion
* Therapeutic apheresis including red blood cell exchange and prophylactic chronic erythrocytapheresis for sickle cell patients
* Also includes a section that concentrates on the consent, quality and legal issues of blood transfusion and donation