Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxxix
- Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbolsxxxi
- Foreword to the First Editionxliii
- Foreword to the Second Editionxlv
- Preface to the First Editionxlvii
- Preface to the Second Editionli
- Chapter 1. Nuclear Radiation, Its Interaction with Matter and Radioisotope Decay1
- I. Introduction2
- II. Particulate Radiation3
- III. Electromagnetic Radiation„Photons57
- IV. Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter71
- V. Stopping Power and Linear Energy Transfer84
- VI. Radioisotope Decay93
- VII. Radioactivity Units and Radionuclide Mass113
- References117
- Chapter 2. Gas Ionization Detectors123
- I. Introduction: Principles of Radiation Detection by Gas Ionization123
- II. Characterization of Gas Ionization Detectors125
- III. Definition of Operating Characteristics of Gas Ionization Detectors127
- IV. Ion Chambers129
- V. Proportional Gas Ionization Detectors136
- VI. Geiger-Mueller Counters154
- VII. Special Types of Ionization Detectors159
- References171
- Chapter 3. Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors179
- I. Introduction179
- II. Fundamental Principles and Methods of Solid State Nuclear Track Detection182
- III. Measurements and Applications199
- IV. Conclusion229
- Acknowledgments230
- References230
- Chapter 4. Semiconductor Detectors239
- I. Introduction239
- II. Ge Detectors247
- III. Si Detectors294
- IV. Spectroscopic Analyses with Semiconductor Detectors307
- References342
- Chapter 5. Liquid Scintillation Analysis: Principles and Practice347
- I. Introduction348
- II. Basic Theory349
- III. Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) or Analyzer (LSA)355
- IV. Quench in Liquid Scintillation Counting360
- V. Methods of Quench Correction in Liquid Scintillation Counting364
- VI. Analysis of X-ray, Gamma-Ray, Atomic Electron, and Positron Emitters404
- VII. Common Interferences in Liquid Scintillation Counting409
- VIII. Multiple Radionuclide Analysis418
- IX. Radionuclide Standardization445
- X. Neutron/Gamma-Ray Measurement and Discrimination469
- XI. Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counting479
- XII. Photon Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) Spectrometry486
- XIII. Simultaneous a–b Analysis490
- XIV. Scintillation in Dense (Liquid) Rare Gases497
- XV. Radionuclide Identification500
- XVI. Air Luminescence Counting503
- XVII. Liquid Scintillation Counter Performance507
- XVIII. Conclusions517
- References518
- Chapter 6. Environmental Liquid Scintillation Analysis537
- I. Introduction538
- II. Low Level Liquid Scintillation Counting Theory539
- III. Alpha/Beta Discrimination554
- IV. Analysis Of Beta Emitting Radionuclides566
- V. Analysis of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides Using Conventional LS Spectrometers with Pulse Shape Dis590
- References597
- Chapter 7. Radioactivity Counting Statistics609
- I. Introduction609
- II. Statistical Distributions610
- III. Analysis of a Sample of Results617
- IV. Statistical Inference628
- V. Regression636
- VI. Detection Limits640
- References653
- Relevant Statistical Reference Tables654
- Chapter 8. Sample Preparation Techniques for Liquid Scintillation Analysis655
- I. Introduction656
- II. LSC Cocktail Components656
- III. Dissolution663
- IV. Solubilization673
- V. Combustion683
- VI. Comparison of Sample Oxidation and Solubilization Techniques685
- VII. Carbon Dioxide Trapping and Counting690
- VIII. Biological Samples692
- IX. Filter and Membrane Counting695
- X. Sample Stability Troubleshooting701
- XI. Swipe Assays703
- XII. Preparation and Use of Quench Curves in Liquid Scintillation Counting705
- References715
- Chapter 9. Cherenkov Counting719
- I. Introduction720
- II. Theory721
- III. Quenching and Quench Correction726
- IV. Cherenkov Counting Parameters733
- V. Cherenkov Counting in the Dry State743
- VI. Radionuclide Analysis with Silica Aerogels747
- VII. Cherenkov Counting in Microplate Format749
- VIII. Multiple Radionuclide Analysis754
- IX. Radionuclide Standardization761
- X. Gamma-Ray Detection767
- XI. Particle Identification769
- XII. Applications in Radionuclide Analysis773
- XIII. Advantages and Disadvantages787
- XIV. Recommendations788
- References789
- Chapter 10. Radioisotope Mass Spectrometry799
- I. Introduction799
- II. Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS)801
- III. Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS)804
- IV. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)807
- V. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)810
- VI. Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS)819
- VII. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)826
- References833
- Chapter 11. Solid Scintillation Analysis845
- I. Introduction846
- II. Principles of Solid Scintillation847
- III. Solid Scintillation Analyzer858
- IV. Concepts and Principles of Solid Scintillation Analysis883
- V. Automated Solid Scintillation Analyzers898
- VI. Detection of Neutrons921
- VII. Scintillation in Plastic Media927
- VIII. Scintillating Glass Fiber Neutron Detectors944
- IX. Bonner-sphere Neutron Spectrometry950
- X. Lucas Cell953
- XI. Radionuclide Standardization954
- XII. Phoswich Detectors959
- References965
- Chapter 12. Flow Scintillation Analysis989
- I. Introduction989
- II. Basics of Flow Scintillation Analysis Instrumentation991
- III. Principles of Flow Scintillation Counting1010
- IV. Flow Scintillator Selection1024
- V. Stopped-flow Detection1028
- VI. Applications1029
- References1054
- Chapter 13. Radionuclide Imaging1063
- I. Introduction1063
- II. Film Autoradiography1064
- III. Storage Phosphor Screen Imaging1072
- IV. Electronic Autoradiography1090
- V. CCD Camera Imaging1107
- VI. Future of Radionuclide Imaging1122
- References1122
- Chapter 14. Automated Radiochemical Separation, Analysis, and Sensing1128
- I. Introduction1128
- II. Radiochemical Separations1129
- III. Automation of Radiochemical Analysis Using Sequential Injection Fluidics1132
- IV. Selected Radiochemical Analysis Examples1140
- V. Automation Using Robotics1148
- VI. An Automated Radionuclide Analyzer for Nuclear Waste Process Streams1149
- VII. RadioNuclide Sensors for Water Monitoring1152
- VIII. Medical Isotope Generation1158
- IX. Discussion1159
- Acknowledgments1159
- References1159
- Chapter 15. Radiation Dosimetry1164
- I. Introduction1165
- II. Quantities and Units1166
- III. Fundamentals1170
- IV. Measurements (Physical Dosimetry)1180
- V. Measurements (Biological Dosimetry)1194
- VI. Applications1197
- VII. Issues and Opportunities for Future Developments1202
- VIII. Appendix1202
- References1204
- Appendix A. Table of Radioactive Isotopes1208
- Appendix B. Particle Range-Energy Correlations1247
- Index1251
The book describes the preparation of samples from a wide variety of matrices, assists the investigator or technician in the selection and use of appropriate radiation detector, and presents the latest state-of-the-art computerized and automated methods of analysis. The new Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is suitable as a teaching text for university and professional training courses. Of interest to those working in a wide spectrum of disciplines, including: scientists, engineers, physicians, and technicians involved with the preparation, utilization, or disposal of radioactive materials and the measurement of radioactivity in the environment.
§ New, expanded and updated edition with three additional chapters
§ Provides modern procedures and guidelines for the analysis of natural and man-made environmental radionuclides
§ Includes up-to-date detailed sample preparation techniques for soil, air, plant, water, biological tissue, filter material, gels, surface swipes, etc.
§ Provides practical information for radioactivity monitoring, spectrometric analysis, and radiation dosimetry
§ Covers state-of-the-art high sample throughput microplate analysis techniques and multi-detector scintillation proximity analysis
§ Presents the latest methods of rapid electronic radionuclide imaging
§ Written by twenty-five experts from eight countries. Over 2,000 literature references
§ New, expanded and updated edition with three additional chapters
§ Provides modern procedures and guidelines for the analysis of natural and man-made environmental radionuclides
§ Includes up-to-date detailed sample preparation techniques for soil, air, plant, water, biological tissue, filter material, gels, surface swipes, etc.
§ Provides practical information for radioactivity monitoring, spectrometric analysis, and radiation dosimetry
§ Covers state-of-the-art high sample throughput microplate analysis techniques and multi-detector scintillation proximity analysis
§ Presents the latest methods of rapid electronic radionuclide imaging
§ Written by twenty-five experts from eight countries. Over 2,000 literature references