Handbook of the Aging Brain
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxiii
- Prefacexvii
- CHAPTER 1. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MEMORY: AGING AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE1
- Age-Related Changes in Memory1
- Age-Related Changes in Brain Structure and Function4
- Memory Changes in Early Alzheimer's Disease7
- Changes in Brain Structure in Early Alzheimer's Disease10
- Conclusion13
- References13
- CHAPTER 2. STRESS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AND HIPPOCAMPAL AGING IN RAT AND HUMAN19
- HPA Axis20
- Glucocorticoids and Aging21
- Consequences of Elevated Glucocorticoid Levels23
- Glucocorticoids and Hippocampal Electrophysiology23
- Glucocorticoids and Synaptic Plasticity Levels25
- Consequences of Elevated Glucocorticoid Levels: Neuronal Survival26
- Individual Differences in HPA Activity and Brain Aging27
- Glucocorticoids and Human Aging30
- Glucocorticoids and Age-Related Neuropathology in Humans31
- Glucocorticoids and Human Cognition32
- HPA Function and Hippocampal Aging in Humans35
- Subgroups of Elderly Subjects with Regard to Patterns of Cortisol Secretion over Years35
- Cognitive Deficits Related to Hippocampal Damage in Relation to Subgroups40
- References43
- CHAPTER 3. SPATIAL COGNITION AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS OF AGED RAT HIPPOCAMPUS51
- Technical Advances in Single Cell Recording Studies52
- Do Old Rats Have Broader, Less Reliable Place Fields?52
- Effects of Cue and Task Demand Manipulations on Place Cell Firing Properties of Young and Old Rats54
- Differences between Studies That Remain Unexplained56
- Spatial Selectivity: Interaction with Experience during a Recording Session57
- Multistability of Place Cell Maps in Old Rats59
- Summary and Conclusions62
- References63
- CHAPTER 4. IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY: THE IMPACT OF67
- LTP as a Cellular Mechanism for L&M68
- Short-Term Plasticity and Learning71
- Spiking and Learning73
- Future of Genetic Techniques76
- Conclusions78
- References79
- CHAPTER 5. NORMAL AGING AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE83
- Text83
- References89
- CHAPTER 6. TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS WITH NEUROFILAMENT-INDUCED PATHOLOGIES93
- Neurofilament Structure and Function93
- Perturbations of Neurofilament Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases and in Aging94
- Mouse Models with Neurofilament Pathologies95
- Interference of Axonal Transport by Disorganized Neurofilaments98
- NF-H Mutations in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis100
- A Link between Neurofilaments and Oxidative Stress?100
- Future Directions101
- References102
- CHAPTER 7. TRANSGENIC MODELS OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE107
- Transgenic Approaches108
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Transgenic Mice with SOD1 Mutations108
- Alzheimer's Disease and Transgenic Mice with APP or PS 1 Mutations111
- Conclusions115
- References116
- CHAPTER 8. TOWARD A GENETIC ANALYSIS OF UNUSUALLY SUCCESSFUL NEURAL AGING125
- A Brief Primer of Evolutionary Biological Aspects of Relevant Gene Action126
- Some Implications of the Evolutionary Biological Theory of Aging for Human Neurobiology128
- Nature–Nurture Interactions130
- Approaches to the Genetic Analysis of Unusually Well-Preserved Cognitive Function131
- Which Phenotypes Deserve Our Initial Attention?131
- Conclusions133
- Further Readings133
- References134
- CHAPTER 9. THE ROLE OF THE PRESENILINS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE135
- Presenilin Metabolism and Function136
- Presenilin Mutations and APP Metabolism136
- A Role for the Presenilins in Apoptosis137
- Summary138
- References139
- CHAPTER 10. MECHANISMS OF NEURON DEATH IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE ELDERLY: ROLE OF THE LEW143
- Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies of LBs144
- Generation and Characterization of MAbs to Purified LBs145
- Insight into the Pathobiology of LBs from Transgenic Mice146
- Summary147
- References148
- CHAPTER 11. MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN TAU: BIOCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS, DEGRADATION, AND ALZHEIME153
- Phosphorylation155
- Degradation of Tau157
- Glycation163
- Summary165
- References165
- CHAPTER 12. A NOVEL GENE IN THE ARMADILLO FAMILY INTERACTS WITH PRESENILIN 1171
- Discovery of δ-Catenin175
- References177
- CHAPTER 13. PUTATIVE LINKS BETWEEN SOME OF THE KEY PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ALZHEIMER'S BRAIN181
- Cholinergic Deficits and Aβ Peptides182
- Cholinergic Deficits and the ApoE 4 Gene190
- Possible Links between the ApoE 4 Genotype and β–Amyloid Peptides194
- Concluding Remarks196
- References196
- CHAPTER 14. UNRAVELING THE CONTROVERSY OF HUMAN PRION PROTEIN DISEASES201
- Three Manners to Contract Prion Protein Diseases: Inheritance, Iatrogenic Transmission, and Sporadic202
- Clinical Features of Human Prion Protein Diseases202
- Pathological Features of Human Prion Protein Diseases203
- Molecular Biology of Prion Protein Disease204
- Biochemical Hallmarks of Human Prion Protein in Normal and Affected Brains206
- Molecular Signature of Prion Protein Diseases207
- Functions of the Normal Prion Protein208
- Transmissibility Models for Prion Protein Diseases210
- Conclusions214
- References214
- CHAPTER 15. TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL, APOPTOSIS, AND THE AGING BRAIN223
- Cloning, Sequencing, and Analyzing Full-Length Human, Rat, and Mouse EF- 1α and S1 cDNA Clones and223
- Characterization of Tissue Specificity and Age-Dependent Changes of S1 Expression224
- S1 is Found in Neurons Only, Not in Astrocytes or Microglia225
- EF-Iα/S1 Supergene Family225
- Multiple Functional Involvement of EF- lα226
- General Principles for Translation Regulation226
- Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Traverse, and Cytoskeletal Organization227
- Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Traverse, Protein Translation, and Signal Transduction228
- Reentry to Cell Cycle Traverse, Apoptosis Susceptibility, and Resistance228
- Control of Long-Lived Phenotypes and Neuronal Survival229
- Signal Transduction and Chaos Theory230
- Signal Transduction and Neuronal Network Function232
- Signal Transduction, Apoptosis, and Functional Impairment in Neurons233
- Signal Transduction and Translational Control234
- Translational Control and Neuronal Repair236
- Neuronal Functionality, Translational Control, and the Aging Brain's Revisiting of Embryonic Gene Ex237
- Summary237
- References238
- CHAPTER 16. ASTROCYTE SENESCENCE AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE243
- Parkinson's Disease243
- Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease245
- Iron Deposition in Parkinson's Disease247
- Astrocytes in Health and Disease248
- Peroxidase-Positive Subcortical Glial System249
- Peroxidase-Positive Astrocytes in Primary Culture250
- Subcellular Precursors of Peroxidase-Positive Astroglial Inclusions251
- Astrocyte Granule Biogenesis and the Cellular Stress Response251
- Iron Sequestration in Aging Astroglia252
- Role of HO-1 in Brain Iron Deposition253
- Protoxin Bioactivation by Aging Astroglia254
- Pathological Neuronal–Glial Interaction in Parkinson's Disease255
- Further Readings257
- Index259
Handbook of the Aging Brain brings together diverse scientific disciplines to cover the most recent research findings in an easy-to-read summary. Scientists and clinicians will find a wide spectrum of subjects including gerontology, neurology, psychology, molecular biology, and cellular biology. The book includes general chapters on the neuroanatomy and neurobiology of the aging brain, and moves on to discussion of specifics including signal transduction, cell death, and specific cellular and neurological changes associated with dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Other chapters discuss the affect of aging on learning and memory, language, and cognition.