Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Contributorsxvii
- Prefacexix
- Prologuexxi
- PART I: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES1
- Chapter 1. Classical and Contemporary Assessment of Aphasia and Acquired Disorders of Language3
- 1.1. Introduction3
- 1.2. Nature of Language Deficits4
- 1.3. Theoretical Models for the Assessment of Language Impairment5
- 1.4. Classical Tests and Aphasia Assessment Procedures6
- 1.5 Classical Tests for the Assessment of Language Impairment in Special Populations8
- 1.6. Interface between Language and Other Cognitive Functions9
- 1.7. Challenges and Future Directions10
- Chapter 2. The Hypothesis Testing Approach to the Assessment of Language13
- 2.1. Introduction13
- 2.2. What is the Hypothesis Testing Approach to Assessment?13
- 2.3. Hypothesis Testing of Language Impairment: Assessment Resources and Considerations16
- 2.4. Summary and Conclusions20
- 2.5. Challenges and Future Directions20
- Appendix – Hypothesis Testing: A Worked Example21
- Chapter 3. The Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (Wada Test) and Complementary Procedures to Evaluate La23
- 3.1. Introduction23
- 3.2. Historical Background23
- 3.3. Current Clinical Use of the IAT24
- 3.4. Rationale Underlying the IAT Procedure24
- 3.5. Components of the IAT Procedure25
- 3.6. Problems and Considerations in IAT Protocol Administration and Interpretation26
- 3.7. IAT in Pediatric Populations28
- 3.8. Validation and Reliability Studies28
- 3.9. Supplementary and Alternative Techniques for Establishing Language Lateralization29
- 3.10. Challenges and Future Directions31
- Chapter 4. Architectonic Language Research33
- 4.1. Introduction33
- 4.2. Broca's Region35
- 4.3. Wernicke's Region39
- 4.4. Other Regions Involved in Language40
- 4.5. Interhemispheric Cytoarchitectonic Differences40
- 4.6. Cytoarchitectonic Maps for the Analysis of Language41
- 4.7. Challenges and Future Directions42
- Chapter 5. Microgenesis of Language: Vertical Integration of Linguistic Mechanisms Across the Neurax45
- 5.1. Introduction45
- 5.2. Principles of Brain Structure and Function46
- 5.3. From Anatomical Structure to Neurolinguistic Function49
- 5.4. Time Dynamics of Fronto–Temporal Activations51
- 5.5. Vertical Integration: Coordination of Internal and External Contexts for Meaning53
- 5.6. Challenges and Future Directions: Levels of Brain, Levels of Language?53
- Chapter 6. A Brief Introduction to Common Neuroimaging Techniques57
- 6.1. Introduction57
- 6.2. Electromagnetic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques58
- 6.3. Hemodynamic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques60
- 6.4. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation64
- 6.5. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy65
- 6.6. Challenges and Future Directions66
- PART II: NEUROIMAGING OF LANGUAGE69
- Chapter 7. PET Research of Language71
- 7.1. Introduction71
- 7.2. PET versus fMRI – Some Methodological Issues72
- 7.3. Crucial PET Findings73
- 7.4. Challenges and Future Directions78
- Chapter 8. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Research of Language81
- 8.1. Introduction81
- 8.2. Recognizing Auditory Input as Speech82
- 8.3. Word Representation: Form and Meaning83
- 8.4. From Words to Sentences: Syntactic Processing84
- 8.5. From Words to Sentences: Semantic Processing of Sentences85
- 8.6. From Sentences to Discourse86
- 8.7. Challenges and Future Directions87
- Chapter 9. Event-Related Potentials in the Study of Language91
- 9.1. Introduction91
- 9.2. Language-Related Components and Their Functional Significance92
- 9.3. Challenges and Future Directions103
- Chapter 10. Direct Electrical Stimulation of Language Cortex105
- 10.1. Introduction105
- 10.2. Description of the Technique105
- 10.3. Comparison to Other Techniques107
- 10.4. Selected Findings with Cortical Stimulation Technique107
- 10.5. Challenges and Future Directions111
- Chapter 11. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as a Tool for Studying Language115
- 11.1. Introduction115
- 11.2. Assessing Hemispheric Specialization for Language with TMS116
- 11.3. Different Effects of TMS On Task Performance: Posterior Temporal Cortex and Picture Naming118
- 11.4. TMS Studies of Semantic and Phonological Processing in LIFG120
- 11.5. Speech Perception and the Motor System120
- 11.6. Representation of Actions and Verbs in the Motor System and Frontal Cortex121
- 11.7. TMS Studies in Patients with Aphasia122
- 11.8. Challenges and Future Directions123
- PART III: EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION125
- Chapter 12. Disorders of Phonetics and Phonology127
- 12.1. Introduction127
- 12.2. Changing Concepts in the Neurolinguistic Analysis of Phonetics and Phonology127
- 12.3. Anatomical and Computational Complexity for Broca's Area129
- 12.4. Intractable Problems in the Neurolinguistics of Segmental Paraphasias130
- 12.5. Challenges and Future Directions134
- Chapter 13. Impaired Morphological Processing137
- 13.1. Introduction137
- 13.2. Noun versus Verb Morphology138
- 13.3. Regular versus Irregular Morphology139
- 13.4. Impairments of Inflectional Morphology140
- 13.5. Impairments of Derivational Morphology143
- 13.6. Impairments in Compounding143
- 13.7. Challenges and Future Directions144
- Chapter 14. Disorders of Lexis147
- 14.1. Introduction147
- 14.2. Disorders of Lexis: A Brief Overview147
- 14.3. Words in the Brain149
- 14.4. The Domain of Lexical Disorders, the Notion of a Mental Lexicon, and the Notion of Word150
- 14.5. A Framework for Understanding Disorders of Lexis152
- 14.6. Challenges and Future Directions152
- Chapter 15. Disorders of Syntax155
- 15.1. Introduction155
- 15.2. The Endgame: Theory Unification156
- 15.3. Syntactic Comprehension in Broca's Aphasia157
- 15.4. The Linear Models157
- 15.5. A Hierarchical Model: The Double-Dependency Hypothesis160
- 15.6. What Have We Learnt?161
- 15.7. Challenges and Future Directions162
- Chapter 16. The Neural Bases of Text and Discourse Processing165
- 16.1. Introduction165
- 16.2. Cognitive and Linguistic Principles of Discourse Processing165
- 16.3. The Neuroscience of Text and Discourse Comprehension167
- 16.4. Right Hemisphere Contributions to Discourse Comprehension170
- 16.5. Summary and Conclusions172
- 16.6. Challenges and Future Directions173
- Chapter 17. Neuropragmatics: Disorders and Neural Systems175
- 17.1. Introduction175
- 17.2. Pragmatic Disorders in Adult Clinical Populations175
- 17.3. Explaining Linguistic Pragmatic Impairments in Clinical Populations178
- 17.4. Neural Systems Underlying Pragmatic Abilities179
- 17.5. Challenges and Future Directions186
- Chapter 18. The Role of Memory Systems in Disorders of Language189
- 18.1. Introduction189
- 18.2. The Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems189
- 18.3. Language and the Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems191
- 18.4. Disorders of Grammar and Procedural Memory192
- 18.5. Disorders of Lexicon and Declarative Memory196
- 18.6. Challenges and Future Directions197
- Chapter 19. The Relation of Human Language to Human Emotion199
- 19.1. Introduction199
- 19.2. Language and Emotion: Theoretical Perspectives199
- 19.3. Universality of Emotion Expression in Language200
- 19.4. The Linguistic Communication of Emotion200
- 19.5. Prosodic Communication201
- 19.6. Syntactic Structures as Reflective of Attitudinal Meaning201
- 19.7. Language Affects Emotions202
- 19.8. Pragmatics – Language Use – and Emotional Expression203
- 19.9. Brain Structures Underlying Emotional Language203
- 19.10. Affect Lexicon205
- 19.11. Dysprosodic Disturbances205
- 19.12. Pragmatic Deficits Following Brain Damage205
- 19.13. Assessment of Communicative Competence for Emotional Expression206
- 19.14. Summary206
- 19.15. Challenges and Future Directions206
- Chapter 20. Acquired Reading and Writing Disorders209
- 20.1. Introduction209
- 20.2. Déjerine's Classical Anatomo-Functional Diagram of Reading (1891, 1892)210
- 20.3. Classical Neurolinguistic Classification of Acquired Spelling Disorders210
- 20.4. Dual-Route Models of Reading and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dyslexia212
- 20.5. Dual-Route Models of Spelling and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dysgraphia214
- 20.6. Principles for the Assessment of Reading and Spelling Impairments215
- 20.7. Reading and Spelling Disorders in Languages with Different Scripts216
- 20.8. Neuroanatomy of Written Language216
- 20.9. Challenges and Future Directions217
- Chapter 21. Number Processing219
- 21.1. Introduction219
- 21.2. The Representation of Numbers220
- 21.3. Number Manipulation: Transcoding222
- 21.4. Calculation223
- 21.5. Numbers and Calculation in the Brain224
- 21.6. Challenges and Future Directions226
- Chapter 22. Neurolinguistic Computational Models229
- 22.1. Introduction229
- 22.2. The Computer and the Brain229
- 22.3. Structured Models230
- 22.4. Emergent Models233
- 22.5. Challenges and Future Directions235
- Chapter 23. Mirror Neurons and Language237
- 23.1. Introduction237
- 23.2. Multiple Mirror Systems and the Language-Ready Brain238
- 23.3. Praxis, Language and the Action-Oriented Perception of Scenes239
- 23.4. Modeling the Canonical and Mirror Systems for Grasping241
- 23.5. Imitation and Mirror Neurons: In Search of Subtlety242
- 23.6. Challenges and Future Directions245
- Chapter 24. Lateralization of Language across the Life Span247
- 24.1. Introduction247
- 24.2. Brain Development248
- 24.3. Changes Associated with Aging251
- 24.4. Interpretive Complexities252
- 24.5. Challenges and Future Directions254
- Chapter 25. Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain257
- 25.1. Introduction257
- 25.2. Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry258
- 25.3. Advantages and Challenges of Hemispheric Asymmetry258
- 25.4. Mechanisms of Interhemispheric Interaction260
- 25.5. Individual Variation263
- 25.6. Challenges and Future Directions265
- PART IV: CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE OF LANGUAGE267
- A: Language in Special Populations and in Various Disease Processes267
- Chapter 26. Acute Aphasias269
- 26.1. Introduction269
- 26.2. Approaches to Classifying Acute Aphasias271
- 26.3. Non-stable Syndromes of Acute Aphasia274
- 26.4. Challenges and Future Directions276
- Chapter 27. Language in Dementia279
- 27.1. Introduction279
- 27.2. Phonology and Speech Errors in Dementia279
- 27.3. Lexical Retrieval and Naming Difficulty in Dementia280
- 27.4. Semantic Memory Difficulty in Dementia281
- 27.5. Grammatical Deficits in Dementia284
- 27.6. Discourse Deficit in Dementia284
- 27.7. Challenges and Future Directions285
- Chapter 28. Frontal Lobes and Language289
- 28.1. Introduction289
- 28.2. Pragmatic Inference289
- 28.3. Social Cognition291
- 28.4. Discourse Production293
- 28.5. Challenges and Future Directions295
- Chapter 29. The Torque Defines the Four Quadrants of the Human Language Circuit and the Nuclear Symp299
- 29.1. Introduction299
- 29.2. Bi-hemispheric Theory of Language300
- 29.3. Principles of Connectivity of Hetero-Modal Association Cortex301
- 29.4. Anomalies of Anatomical Asymmetry and Schizophrenia302
- 29.5. The Central Paradox and Its Resolution303
- 29.6. How Do the Nuclear Symptoms Arise?304
- 29.7. Challenges and Future Directions305
- Chapter 30. Stuttering and Dysfluency309
- 30.1. Introduction309
- 30.2. Definition and Clinical Characteristics of Dysfluency310
- 30.3. The Physiology of Stuttering313
- 30.4. Theories of Stuttering314
- 30.5. Animal Modeling of Stuttering315
- 30.6. Challenges and Future Directions316
- Chapter 31. Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Model for Understanding the Relationship Between Langua319
- 31.1. Introduction319
- 31.2. Do MTLE Patients Show Language Abnormalities?321
- 31.3. What Specific Evidence Is There Showing Medial Temporal Lobe Involvement in Language?322
- 31.4. Are There Anatomical Connections That Allow the Medial Temporal Lobe to Influence Language?323
- 31.5. What Might the Medial Temporal Lobe Contribute to Language Processing?324
- 31.6. What Accounts for the Language Deficits in MTLE?325
- 31.7. Challenges and Future Directions326
- Chapter 32. Subcortical Language Mechanisms329
- 32.1. Introduction329
- 32.2. Distribution of Pathology in Subcortical Stroke and Degenerative Disorders Associated with Lan329
- 32.3. Emerging Neuroscience of the Basal Ganglia332
- 32.4. Mechanisms of Non-thalamic Subcortical Aphasia332
- 32.5. Summary: Non-thalamic Subcortical Aphasia333
- 32.6. Emerging Neuroscience of the Thalamus333
- 32.7. Mechanisms of Thalamic Aphasia336
- 32.8. Summary: Thalamic Aphasia338
- 32.9. Challenges and Future Directions338
- Chapter 33. Language and Communication Disorders in Multilinguals341
- 33.1. Introduction341
- 33.2. Language Impairments342
- 33.3. Implicit and Explicit Memory343
- 33.4. Pathological Language Mixing and Switching344
- 33.5. Experimental Studies345
- 33.6. Assessment of Language Disorders in Multilingual Speakers346
- 33.7. Multilingual Aphasia Rehabilitation346
- 33.8. Challenges and Future Directions: The Cerebral Organization of Languages347
- Chapter 34. Language and Communication in Aging351
- 34.1. Introduction351
- 34.2. Language Changes in Healthy Aging351
- 34.3. Aging and Bilingualism353
- 34.4. Distinguishing Language in Healthy Aging from That in Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD353
- 34.5. Explanations for Language Changes in Healthy Aging355
- 34.6. Challenges and Future Directions356
- B: Language and Communication in Developmental Disorders359
- Chapter 35. Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia or Landau–Kleffner Syndrome: Clinical and Linguistic Asp361
- 35.1. Introduction361
- 35.2. Language Regression and Epilepsy362
- 35.3. The Nature of the Language Deficit363
- 35.4. The Spectrum of Regressive Language Disorders and Epilepsy364
- 35.5. Challenges and Future Directions364
- Chapter 36. Language and Communication in Williams Syndrome367
- 36.1. Introduction367
- 36.2. Language in WS: The Evidence368
- 36.3. Theoretical Approaches to the Neurocognitive Study of WS369
- 36.4. Characterizing Language and Communication in WS370
- 36.5. Language in WS: Connecting the Dots373
- 36.6. Challenges and Future Directions374
- Chapter 37. Language and Communication Disorders in Autism and Asperger Syndrome377
- 37.1. Introduction377
- 37.2. Language Deficits in Autism378
- 37.3. Explaining Language and Communication Deficits in ASD381
- 37.4. Challenges and Future Directions384
- C: Recovery from, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Language and Communication Disorders387
- Chapter 38. Spontaneous Recovery of Aphasia389
- 38.1. Introduction389
- 38.2. Soundly Established Factors Affecting Recovery390
- 38.3. Factors That May Affect Spontaneous Recovery391
- 38.4. Why Spontaneous Recovery?392
- 38.5. Challenges and Future Directions394
- Chapter 39. Therapeutic Approaches in Aphasia Rehabilitation397
- 39.1. Introduction397
- 39.2. How to Approach Aphasia Therapy398
- 39.3. A Stage-Oriented Framework: Fitting the Therapeutic Approach to the Stage of Recovery399
- 39.4. Specific Neuropsychological and Psycholinguistic Approaches to the Treatment of Lexical and Sy402
- 39.5. Efficacy Studies of Aphasia Therapy405
- 39.6. Challenges and Future Directions405
- Chapter 40. The Pharmacological Treatment of Aphasia407
- 40.1. Introduction407
- 40.2. Stroke: How Does It Cause Language Deficits?407
- 40.3. Subacute (and Chronic) Stroke: Enhancing Neural Transmission and Neuroplasticity411
- 40.4. Summary: The State of Play of Pharmacological Intervention in Aphasia413
- 40.5. Challenges and Future Directions413
- Chapter 41. Recovery and Treatment of Acquired Reading and Spelling Disorders417
- 41.1. Introduction417
- 41.2. Illustrative Cases418
- 41.3. Limits of the Syndrome-Based Approach420
- 41.4. Suggested Treatment of the Lexical Components421
- 41.5. Challenges and Future Directions423
- Chapter 42. The Role of Electronic Devices in the Rehabilitation of Language Disorders427
- 42.1. Introduction427
- 42.2. Provision of Therapy428
- 42.3. Computer-Based Treatment and Language429
- 42.4. Diagnosis and Assessment429
- 42.5. Outcome Measurement and Audit430
- 42.6. Alternative Communication430
- 42.7. Support for Everyday Life431
- 42.8. Challenges and Future Directions431
- PART V: RESOURCES433
- Chapter 43. Resources in the Neuroscience of Language: A Listing435
- Journals435
- Books437
- Source Books440
- Professional Associations and Societies441
- Glossary443
- A443
- B444
- C444
- D445
- E446
- F446
- G447
- H447
- I447
- J447
- L448
- M448
- N449
- O449
- P449
- R451
- S451
- T452
- U452
- V452
- W452
- Index453
- A453
- B454
- C455
- D455
- E456
- F456
- G457
- H457
- I457
- J457
- L458
- M458
- N459
- O459
- P460
- R460
- S461
- T462
- V462
- W462
In the last ten years the neuroscience of language has matured as a field. Ten years ago, neuroimaging was just being explored for neurolinguistic questions, whereas today it constitutes a routine component. At the same time there have been significant developments in linguistic and psychological theory that speak to the neuroscience of language. This book consolidates those advances into a single reference.
The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language provides a comprehensive overview of this field. Divided into five sections, section one discusses methods and techniques including clinical assessment approaches, methods of mapping the human brain, and a theoretical framework for interpreting the multiple levels of neural organization that contribute to language comprehension. Section two discusses the impact imaging techniques (PET, fMRI, ERPs, electrical stimulation of language cortex, TMS) have made to language research. Section three discusses experimental approaches to the field, including disorders at different language levels in reading as well as writing and number processing. Additionally, chapters here present computational models, discuss the role of mirror systems for language, and cover brain lateralization with respect to language. Part four focuses on language in special populations, in various disease processes, and in developmental disorders. The book ends with a listing of resources in the neuroscience of language and a glossary of items and concepts to help the novice become acquainted with the field.
Editors Stemmer & Whitaker prepared this book to reflect recent developments in neurolinguistics, moving the book squarely into the cognitive neuroscience of language and capturing the developments in the field over the past 7 years.
* History section focuses on topics that play a current role in neurolinguistics research, aphasia syndromes, and lesion analysis
* Includes section on neuroimaging to reflect the dramatic changes in methodology over the past decade
* Experimental and clinical section reflects recent developments in the field
The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language provides a comprehensive overview of this field. Divided into five sections, section one discusses methods and techniques including clinical assessment approaches, methods of mapping the human brain, and a theoretical framework for interpreting the multiple levels of neural organization that contribute to language comprehension. Section two discusses the impact imaging techniques (PET, fMRI, ERPs, electrical stimulation of language cortex, TMS) have made to language research. Section three discusses experimental approaches to the field, including disorders at different language levels in reading as well as writing and number processing. Additionally, chapters here present computational models, discuss the role of mirror systems for language, and cover brain lateralization with respect to language. Part four focuses on language in special populations, in various disease processes, and in developmental disorders. The book ends with a listing of resources in the neuroscience of language and a glossary of items and concepts to help the novice become acquainted with the field.
Editors Stemmer & Whitaker prepared this book to reflect recent developments in neurolinguistics, moving the book squarely into the cognitive neuroscience of language and capturing the developments in the field over the past 7 years.
* History section focuses on topics that play a current role in neurolinguistics research, aphasia syndromes, and lesion analysis
* Includes section on neuroimaging to reflect the dramatic changes in methodology over the past decade
* Experimental and clinical section reflects recent developments in the field