Elsevier S & T

Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals

Nordberg, Gunnar F.; Fowler, Bruce A.; Nordberg, Monica; Friberg, Lars

In stock
No reviews
131.250 KD inc. VAT
License
Table of contents
  • Handbook on the Toxicology of Metalsiii
  • Copyright Pageiv
  • Prefacev
  • Foreword: Outlookvii
  • Contentsix
  • List of Contributorsxxxiii
  • List of Reviewersxxxix
  • Chapter 1: Introduction-General Considerations and International Perspectives1
  • 1 Metals and Health-An International Perspective1
  • 2 Current Concerns Related to the Toxicology of Metals4
  • 2.1 Expanding Current Industrial New Technological Uses of Metals4
  • 2.2 Ecological and Natural Environmental Mobilization Processes4
  • 2.3 Routes of Exposure5
  • 2.4 Essentiality of Metals6
  • 2.5 Human Health Effects6
  • 2.6 Metal Carcinogenesis and Reproductive Toxicology7
  • 2.7 Toxicokinetics and Metabolism7
  • 2.8 Biological Monitoring8
  • 2.9 Risk Assessment8
  • 2.10 Interactions Among Metals8
  • References9
  • Chapter 2: General Chemistry, Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Speciation11
  • 1 Definition of Metals12
  • 2 The Periodic Table12
  • 3 Compounds of Metallic Elements13
  • 3.1 Covalent and Ionic Bonds13
  • 3.2 Oxidation Number14
  • 3.3 Inorganic Compounds14
  • 3.4 Metal Complexes15
  • 3.5 Organometallic Compounds15
  • 4 Solubility15
  • 5 Properties of Metal Ions16
  • 5.1 Formation of Metal Ions16
  • 5.2 Redox Potential16
  • 5.3 Metal Ions as Lewis Acids16
  • 5.4 Hydrolysis16
  • 6 Other Aspects of Metal Chemistry of Biological and Toxicological Interest17
  • 6.1 Main Group and Transition Metals17
  • 6.2 Metal-Containing Biological Molecules17
  • 6.2.1 Metalloporphyrins17
  • 6.2.2 Non-Heme Iron Proteins18
  • 6.2.3 Cobalt-Containing Biological Molecules18
  • 6.2.4 Metalloenzymes and Metal-Activated Enzymes18
  • 6.2.5 Metallothioneins18
  • 6.2.6 Lead-Containing Biological Molecules18
  • 7 Total Element Analysis, Elemental Speciation, and Metallomics18
  • 8 Sampling and Sample Preparation19
  • 8.1. General Considerations19
  • 8.2 Air, Water, and Food20
  • 8.2.1 Air20
  • 8.2.2 Water21
  • 8.2.3 Food21
  • 8.3 Biological Monitoring22
  • 9 Separation Techniques22
  • 9.1 Liquid Chromatography22
  • 9.2 Gas Chromatography23
  • 9.3. Capillary Electrophoresis23
  • 9.4 Gel Electrophoresis25
  • 9.5 Precautionary Measures in Elemental Speciation25
  • 10 Detection Methods26
  • 10.1 General Aspects26
  • 10.2 Current Methods for the Detection of Metals26
  • 10.2.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry26
  • 10.2.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry28
  • 10.2.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry28
  • 10.2.4 Mass Spectrometry28
  • 10.2.5 Electrochemical Methods29
  • 10.2.6 Spectrophotometry29
  • 10.2.7 Biosensors for Monitoring Metal Ions30
  • 10.2.8 Direct Measurement of Metals in Solid Samples (Particle Characterization)30
  • 10.2.9 Neutron Activation Analysis30
  • 10.2.10 Spark Source Mass Spectrometry31
  • 11 Calibration31
  • 12 Reference Materials32
  • 13 Quality Assurance32
  • 13.1 Definitions33
  • 13.2 Sources of Error33
  • 13.3 Results of Interlaboratory Testing33
  • 13.4 Elements of Quality Assurance34
  • 13.5 Statistical Considerations34
  • 13.6 Reporting of Quality Assurance Data34
  • 14 Conclusions35
  • References35
  • Chapter 3: Routes of Exposure, Dose, and Metabolism of Metals39
  • 1 Introduction39
  • 2 Exposure40
  • 2.1 General Aspects40
  • 2.2 Exposure by Inhalation41
  • 2.3 Exposure Through Food and Drinking Water42
  • 3 Deposition and Absorption42
  • 3.1 Deposition and Absorption After Inhalation43
  • 3.1.1 Absorption of Gases and Vapors44
  • 3.1.2 Deposition of Particles44
  • 3.1.3 Clearance of Particles from the Respiratory System46
  • 3.2 Absorption After Ingestion47
  • 3.3 Total Absorption49
  • 4 Transport, Biotransformation, and Distribution49
  • 5 Pathways and Mechanisms of Excretion52
  • 5.1 Gastrointestinal Excretion52
  • 5.2 Renal Excretion53
  • 5.3 Excretion Rate-Biological Half-Time54
  • 6 Toxicokinetic Models and Their Use for Establishment of Dose-Response and Dose-Effect Relationship55
  • 6.1 One-Compartment Model55
  • 6.1.1 Description55
  • 6.1.2 Use of One-Compartment Model for Toxicokinetic (TK)–Toxicodynamic (TD) Modeling of Dose-Resp56
  • 6.2 Multicompartment Models and Physiologically Based Models57
  • 6.2.1 Description of a Multicompartment Model for Cadmium58
  • 6.2.2 Use of Multicompartment and Physiologically Based Models for TK/TD Modeling59
  • 7 Use of Indicator Media for Estimation of Exposure or Critical Organ Concentration59
  • References61
  • Chapter 4: Biological Monitoring and Biomarkers65
  • 1 Introduction65
  • 2 Sources of Preanalytical and Analytical Error67
  • 3 Quality Assurance; Reference Materials68
  • 4 Specimens in Use; Urine Sample Standardization69
  • 4.1 Urine69
  • 4.2 Blood70
  • 5 Reference Values71
  • 6 Ethical Considerations71
  • 7 Biomarkers of Exposure71
  • 7.1 Analytical Approaches71
  • 7.2 Speciation in Biomonitoring72
  • 7.3 Kinetics and Sampling: Timing and Frequency72
  • 7.4 Interpretation of Results72
  • 7.5 Biomarkers of Exposure as a Complement to Industrial Hygiene Measurements73
  • 8 Biomarkers of Effects74
  • 8.1 Renal Toxicity Biomarkers74
  • 8.2 Neurotoxicity Biomarkers75
  • 8.3 Lung Toxicity Biomarkers75
  • 8.4 Biomarkers for Other Target Organs76
  • 8.5 Genotoxicity Biomarkers76
  • 9 Future Trends76
  • References77
  • Chapter 5: Selected Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and Carcinogenicity79
  • 1 Transport of Toxic Metals by Molecular/Ionic Mimicry of Essential Compounds79
  • 1.1 Introduction79
  • 1.2 Iron80
  • 1.3 Zinc80
  • 1.4 Phosphate and Sulfate Mimics80
  • 1.5 Organic Complexes80
  • 1.6 Metal-Anion Complexes81
  • 1.7 Calcium Channels81
  • 1.8 Summary81
  • 2 Interference with the Functions of Essential Metals by Toxic Metals81
  • 2.1 Introduction81
  • 2.2 Calcium81
  • 2.3 Zinc81
  • 2.4 Magnesium82
  • 2.5 Iron82
  • 2.6 Copper82
  • 3 Toxic Metal-Binding Molecules82
  • 3.1 Introduction82
  • 3.2 Metallothioneins (MTs)83
  • 3.3 Glutathione83
  • 3.4 Summary84
  • 4 Mutagenic and Genotoxic Effects of Metals84
  • 4.1 Introduction84
  • 4.2 Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Nickel Compounds85
  • 4.3 Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds85
  • 4.4 Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Arsenic85
  • 4.5 Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Cadmium85
  • 5 Epigenetic Effects of Metal Compounds86
  • 5.1 Introduction86
  • 5.2 Epigenetic Events in the Development of Cancer86
  • 5.2.1 DNA Methylation86
  • 5.2.2 Histone Modifications86
  • 5.3 Impacts of Metal Compounds on Epigenetics87
  • 5.3.1 As87
  • 5.3.2 Cd88
  • 5.3.3 Ni88
  • 6 Effects of Metals on Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression89
  • 6.1 Introduction89
  • 6.2 Signal Transduction Pathways Affected by Metal Compounds90
  • 6.2.1 ROS90
  • 6.2.2 MAPK90
  • 6.2.3 PI3K/Akt90
  • 6.2.4 HIF-190
  • 6.2.5 NF-kappaB91
  • 6.2.6 NFAT91
  • 6.2.7 AP-191
  • 6.3 Impacts of Metal Compounds on Signal Transduction Pathways and Gene Expression91
  • 6.3.1 As91
  • 6.3.2 Cd92
  • 6.3.3 Cr93
  • 6.3.4 Co94
  • 6.3.5 Ni94
  • 6.3.6 Other Metals95
  • References96
  • Chapter 6: General Considerations of Dose-Effect and Dose-Response Relationships101
  • 1 General Aspects of Dose-Response Relationships101
  • 1.1 Use of the Terms Effect and Response101
  • 1.2 Interrelationships Among Dose, Effect, and Response102
  • 1.3 Definitions of Dose and Response103
  • 2 Modeling of Dose-Response Relationships104
  • 2.1 The Shape of Dose-Response Curves: S, Hormesis, U-Shaped105
  • 2.2 The Sigmoid Curve106
  • 2.3 Hormesis-Inverted U- or J-Shaped Curves107
  • 2.4 U-Shaped Curves and Essentiality107
  • 3 Modeling the Data108
  • 3.1 Biological Basis for Modeling110
  • 4 Species-to-Species Extrapolations112
  • 5 Risk Assessment and Dose-Response Relationships113
  • 5.1 NOAEL/LOAEL113
  • 5.2 Benchmark Dose113
  • 5.3 Data Types and Benchmark Dose114
  • 6 Dose-Response in an Era of -Omics114
  • References114
  • Chapter 7: Interactions in Metal Toxicology117
  • 1 Introduction117
  • 2 Age, Sex, Drugs, and Some Other Factors118
  • 2.1 Influence of Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco on Metal Metabolism and Toxicity118
  • 2.1.1 Drugs118
  • 2.1.2 Alcohol and Tobacco119
  • 2.2 Influence of Age and Sex on Metal Toxicity119
  • 2.2.1 Age119
  • 2.2.2 Sex119
  • 2.3 Influence of Some Other Factors on Metal Metabolism and Toxicity120
  • 3 Gene-Environment Interactions for Metals120
  • 3.1 Genes of Concern120
  • 3.2 Design of Gene-Environment Interaction Studies121
  • 3.3 Interactions for Specific Metals122
  • 3.3.1 Arsenic122
  • 3.3.2 Beryllium and Cobalt123
  • 3.3.3 Cadmium123
  • 3.3.4 Lead123
  • 3.3.5 Mercury126
  • 3.3.6 Nickel126
  • 3.3.7 Platinum126
  • 3.4 Conclusions127
  • 4 Metal-Metal Interactions (Noncarcinogenic Effects)127
  • 4.1 Arsenic and Other Metals127
  • 4.2 Interactions Between Cadmium and Other Metals128
  • 4.3 Interactions Between Lead and Other Metals129
  • 4.4 Hg and Other Metals130
  • 4.5 Molybdenum-Copper-Zinc Interactions131
  • 4.6 Interactions Between Thallium and Potassium132
  • 5 Metal-Metal Interactions in Carcinogenesis132
  • 5.1 Arsenic132
  • 5.2 Chromium132
  • 5.3 Iron133
  • 5.4 Lead133
  • 5.5 Nickel134
  • 5.6 Selenium135
  • 5.7 Zinc136
  • 6 Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Metals137
  • 6.1 Introduction137
  • 6.2 Toxicity Assessment of Mixtures137
  • 6.2.1 The Mixture of Concern137
  • 6.2.2 The Similar Mixture Approach138
  • 6.2.3 The Hazard Index Approach138
  • 6.2.4 The Target-Organ Toxicity Dose (TTD)138
  • 6.3 A Weight-of-Evidence (WOE) Method139
  • 6.3.1 Direction of Interaction140
  • 6.3.2 Mechanistic Understanding140
  • 6.3.3 Toxicological Significance141
  • 6.4 Perspectives and Future Needs141
  • References141
  • Chapter 8 : Epidemiological Methods for Assessing Dose-Response and Dose-Effect Relationships147
  • 1 Epidemiological Measurement of Occurrence of Health Effects147
  • 2 Observational Studies and Modeling Studies of Dose-Response Relationships149
  • 3 Study Design151
  • 4 Data Collection153
  • 4.1 Measurement of Dose153
  • 4.2 Measurement of Effect and Response155
  • 5 Data Analysis157
  • 6 Inference159
  • References160
  • Chapter 9: Essential Metals: Assessing Risks from Deficiency and Toxicity163
  • 1 Introduction163
  • 2 Basic Concepts164
  • 2.1 Definition of an AROI (Acceptable Range of Oral Intake)164
  • 2.1.1 Groups with Special Sensitivity/Resistance165
  • 2.2 Other Concepts Used in Risk Assessment of Essential Metals166
  • 2.2.1 Toxicological Terms166
  • 2.2.2 Nutritional Terms: Definitions and Approaches Used to Assess Individual and Population Require166
  • 3 Effects of Deficiency and Toxicity167
  • 3.1 Factors Affecting Dose-Response Relationships167
  • 3.1.1 Homeostatic Mechanisms167
  • 3.1.2 Bioavailability, Speciation, and Interactions167
  • 3.2 Basic Principles for Classifying Effect168
  • 3.3 Examples of Effects of Varying Severity169
  • 3.3.1 Lethal Deficiency169
  • 3.3.2 Deficiency-Clinical Disease169
  • 3.3.3 Subclinical Biomarkers of Deficiency with or without Clinical Significance170
  • 3.3.4 Lethal Toxic Effects170
  • 3.3.5 Toxic Effects with Clinical Significance170
  • 3.3.6 Subclinical Toxic Effects with or without Functional Significance-Biomarkers of Critical Effec170
  • 4 Summary of Principles for Human Risk Assessment of Exposures to EMs171
  • 4.1 Application of Principles for Determination of AROI171
  • 5 Estimation of AROI172
  • 6 Conclusions175
  • References175
  • Chapter 10: Carcinogenicity of Metal Compounds177
  • 1 Principal Metals Showing Carcinogenic Effects177
  • 1.1 Nickel178
  • 1.1.1 Epidemiological Observations178
  • 1.1.2 Animal Models179
  • 1.1.3 Evaluation180
  • 1.2 Chromium180
  • 1.2.1 Epidemiological Observations180
  • 1.2.2 Animal Models181
  • 1.2.3 Short-Term Tests182
  • 1.2.4 Evaluation182
  • 1.3 Arsenic182
  • 1.3.1 Epidemiological Observations182
  • 1.3.2 Animal Models184
  • 1.3.3 Short-Term Tests184
  • 1.3.4 Evaluation185
  • 1.4 Cadmium185
  • 1.4.1 Epidemiological Observations185
  • 1.4.2 Animal Models187
  • 1.4.3 Short-Term Tests187
  • 1.4.4 Evaluation187
  • 1.5 Beryllium188
  • 1.5.1 Epidemiology Observations188
  • 1.5.2 Animal Models189
  • 1.5.3 Evaluation189
  • 1.6 Lead189
  • 1.6.1 Epidemiological Observations189
  • 1.6.2 Animal Models and Short-Term Tests190
  • 1.6.3 Evaluation190
  • 1.7 Cobalt190
  • 1.8 Iron191
  • 1.9 Manganese191
  • 1.10 Platinum192
  • 1.11 Titanium192
  • 2 Principal Metals Showing Mutagenic Effects192
  • 2.1 Nickel193
  • 2.2 Chromium193
  • 2.3 Arsenic193
  • 2.4 Cadmium194
  • References194
  • Chapter 11: Immunotoxicology of Metals197
  • 1 Introduction197
  • 1.1. Development of the Concept Metal Immunotoxicology197
  • 1.2 Overview of Mechanisms in Immunotoxicology198
  • 1.3 Dose-Response Considerations in Metal Immunotoxicology198
  • 2 Immunosuppression Induced by Metals199
  • 2.1 General Considerations199
  • 2.2 In Vitro Studies199
  • 2.3 In Vivo Studies199
  • 2.4 Experimental Host-Resistance Challenge Systems199
  • 2.5 Clinical Immunosuppressive Effects199
  • 3 Essential Metals and the Immune System200
  • 4 Hypersensitivity Induced by Metals200
  • 4.1 General Considerations200
  • 4.2 Type I Hypersensitivity Anaphylacticor Immediate Hypersensitivity)200
  • 4.3 Type II Hypersensitivity (Antibody-Mediated-IgG or IgM-ReactionsAgainst Cells or Matrix)201
  • 4.4 Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune-Complex Mediated Reactions)201
  • 4.5 Type IV Hypersensitivity (Cell-Mediated Reactions) Metal Hypersensitivity201
  • 4.6 Relation Between Atopy and Metal Hypersensitivity201
  • 5 Metals Causing Hypersensitivity Reactions201
  • 5.1 Beryllium201
  • 5.2 Chromium202
  • 5.3 Cobalt202
  • 5.4 Gold202
  • 5.5 Mercury203
  • 5.6 Nickel203
  • 5.7 Multiple Metal Exposure Relatedto Prosthetic Devices203
  • 5.8 The Platinum Group of Elements (Palladium, Platinum, Rhodium)204
  • 6 Interaction Between Metals and Proteins204
  • 6.1 Introduction204
  • 6.2 Mechanisms of Interaction Between T Cells and Metal Ions204
  • 7 Other Interactions Between Metals and Proteins-Autoimmunity205
  • 8 Nonspecific Immunostimulation Induced by Metals: The Examples of Pb and Hg205
  • 9 Metal-Induced Autoimmunity206
  • 10 Acceleration and Aggravation of Autoimmunity by Xenobiotics207
  • 10.1 General Considerations207
  • 10.2 Acceleration of Spontaneous Autoimmune Diseases by Hg207
  • 10.3 Acceleration of Spontaneous Autoimmune Diseases by Cadmium and Lead208
  • 10.4 Comments on the Autoimmune Effects of Metals208
  • References208
  • Chapter 12: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals213
  • 1 Introduction214
  • 2 Male Reproductive Effects215
  • 2.1 Lead216
  • 2.2 Mercury218
  • 2.3 Cadmium219
  • 2.4 Manganese220
  • 2.5 Chromium221
  • 2.6 Nickel221
  • 2.7 Arsenic221
  • 3 Female Reproductive Effects221
  • 3.1 Lead222
  • 3.2 Mercury224
  • 3.3 Cadmium224
  • 3.4 Manganese225
  • 3.5 Chromium225
  • 3.6 Nickel226
  • 3.7 Arsenic226
  • 3.8 Platinum227
  • 3.9 Mixed Metal Exposure227
  • 4 Developmental Effects of Prenatal Exposure228
  • 4.1 Lead229
  • 4.2 Mercury230
  • 4.3 Cadmium233
  • 4.4 Chromium233
  • 4.5 Nickel234
  • 4.6 Arsenic234
  • 4.7 Vanadium234
  • 4.8 Uranium235
  • 4.9 Aluminum235
  • 4.10 Lithium235
  • 5 Developmental Effects from Neonatal Exposure235
  • 5.1 Lead236
  • 5.2 Mercury238
  • 5.3 Cadmium240
  • 5.4 Nickel240
  • 5.5 Arsenic240
  • 5.6 Aluminum241
  • 5.7 Mixed Metal and Multichemical Exposure241
  • References241
  • Chapter 13: Ecotoxicology of Metals-Sources,Transport, and Effects in the Ecosystem251
  • 1 Sources for Metal Emission251
  • 1.1 Direct Emissions of Metals into Nature251
  • 1.1.1 Emissions to the Atmosphere251
  • 1.1.2 Emissions into Water252
  • 1.1.3 Emissions to Soil252
  • 1.2 Indirect Mobilization of Metals252
  • 1.2.1 Acid Rain252
  • 1.2.2 Oxygen Depletion252
  • 1.2.3 Pyrite Oxidation252
  • 2 The Biogeochemical Transport of Metals252
  • 2.1 Atmospheric Transport252
  • 2.2 Metal Speciation in Water253
  • 2.3 Metal Transport in the Ocean254
  • 2.4 Transport of Metals in Freshwater and Estuaries254
  • 2.5 Metals in Sediments256
  • 3 Uptake and Accumulation of Metals256
  • 3.1 Bioavailability, Uptake, Accumulation, and Elimination256
  • 3.2 Metal Transport in Aquatic Food Chains257
  • 4 Defense Against and Storage of Metals257
  • 4.1 Metal Toxicity and Defense Systems in Plants258
  • 5 Toxicity of Metals in Ecosystems259
  • 6 Risk Assessment of Metals260
  • 6.1 The Aim of Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment260
  • 6.2 Integrated Risk Assessment260
  • 6.3 Methods of Ecotoxicology260
  • 6.4 Practical Risk Management261
  • 6.5 Biomarkers as Hazard Indicators in Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment261
  • 7 Monitoring Metal Pollution-Biomonitoring262
  • 7.1 Mussel Watch262
  • 7.2 Other Monitoring Organisms263
  • 8 Ecotoxicology of Individual Metals263
  • 8.1 Alumina263
  • 8.2 Antimony264
  • 8.3 Arsenic264
  • 8.3 Cadmium265
  • 8.3.1 Background Levels and Emissions265
  • 8.3.2 Uptake in Organisms265
  • 8.3.3 Contamination with Cadmium266
  • 8.3.4 Cadmium’s Toxicity in Water266
  • 8.3.5 Cadmium in Agricultural Soil and Uptake of Cadmium into Plants266
  • 8.3.6 Implication for Human Health267
  • 8.4 Cobalt267
  • 8.5 Chromium267
  • 8.6 Copper268
  • 8.7 Iron268
  • 8.8 Lead268
  • 8.8.1 Lead in Ammunition269
  • 8.8.2 Effects in Birds and Mammals269
  • 8.9 Manganese269
  • 8.10 Mercury270
  • 8.10.1 Background Concentrations, Uses, and Emissions270
  • 8.10.2 The Transformation of Mercury in Nature270
  • 8.10.3 The Global Mercury Flux271
  • 8.10.4 Uptake of Mercury in Organisms and Transport in Food Webs272
  • 8.10.5 Effects of Mercury in Wildlife272
  • 8.10.6 Implications for Human Health273
  • 8.11 Molybdenum273
  • 8.12 Nickel273
  • 8.13 Selenium273
  • 8.14 Silver273
  • 8.15 Tin274
  • 8.15.1 Inorganic Tin274
  • 8.15.2 Tributyltin (TBT)274
  • 8.16 Vanadium276
  • 8.17 Zinc276
  • 8.18 Radioactive Metals276
  • 8.18.1 Cesium276
  • 8.18.2 Polonium276
  • 8.18.3 Strontium277
  • 8.18.4 Transuranic Metals277
  • References277
  • Chapter 14: Risk Assessment281
  • 1 Introduction281
  • 2 Exposure and Dose Assessment282
  • 2.1 Exposure and Dose Terminology282
  • 2.2 Expoure, Applied/Inhaled Dose, Daily Intake282
  • 2.3 Absorbed Dose, Internal Dose283
  • 2.4 Dose/Concentration in Critical Organ and Critical Target283
  • 2.5 Use of Biomarkers in Estimating Concentration in Critical Organ and Critical Target Dose283
  • 3 Hazard Identification284
  • 3.1 Speciation284
  • 3.2 Human Data285
  • 3.3 Data from Studies on Acute and Chronic Toxicity in Animals, Cells, and Molecular Systems In Vitr285
  • 3.3.1 IARC Group 2286
  • 3.3.2 IARC Group 2A: The Agent is Probably Carcinogenic to Humans287
  • 3.3.3 IARC Group 2B: The Agent is Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans287
  • 3.4 Classification According to the European Union288
  • 3.5 Classification According to the USEPA288
  • 3.6 Classification According to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.288
  • 4 Dose-Effect and Dose-Response Assessment289
  • 4.1 Concepts in Quantitative Toxicological Analysis289
  • 4.1.1 Dose Effect and Dose Response289
  • 4.1.2 Critical Concentration, Critical Organ, Critical Effect, and No-Observed-Effect Level289
  • 4.1.3 Benchmark Dose290
  • 4.1.4 The Critical Concentration on a Population Basis292
  • 4.2 Based on Short-Term and Long-Term Studies in Animals293
  • 4.2.1. Threshold-Type Critical Effects293
  • 4.2.2 Carcinogenesis and Other Nonthreshold Effects294
  • 4.3 Probabilistic Estimation of Dose-Response Relationships by Toxicokinetic (TK) and Toxicodynamic295
  • 4.3.1 Deterministic or Threshold-Type Effects295
  • 4.3.2 Stochastic or Nonthreshold Effects296
  • 4.4 Based on Epidemiological Studies296
  • 4.4.1 Sensitive Groups296
  • 4.4.2 Carcinogenic Effects296
  • 4.5 Simplified Approach as an Alternative to Risk Assessment296
  • 5 Risk Characterization297
  • 6 Risk Management and Risk Communication297
  • 6.1 Managing Human Exposures by Emission Control, Substitution, Labeling, or Restrictions in Use297
  • 6.2 Controlling Human Exposures by Guidelines and Legislated Permissible Exposure Levels298
  • 6.3 Risk Communication300
  • References300
  • Chapter 15: Diagnosis and Treatment of Metal Poisoning-General Aspects303
  • 1 Clinical Effects304
  • 1.1 General Considerations304
  • 1.2 Exposure Pattern and Clinical Effect304
  • 1.3 Acute Clinical Effects of Metals305
  • 1.3.1 Gastrointestinal Effects305
  • 1.3.2 Respiratory Effects305
  • 1.3.3 Cardiovascular Effects305
  • 1.3.4 Effects on the Central Nervous System306
  • 1.3.5 Renal Effects306
  • 1.3.6 Hemopoietic Effects306
  • 1.4 Chronic Clinical Effects of Metal Toxicity306
  • 1.4.1 Gastrointestinal Effects306
  • 1.4.2 Hepatic Effects306
  • 1.4.3 Respiratory Effects306
  • 1.4.4 Effects on the Nervous System307
  • 1.4.5 Renal Effects307
  • 1.4.6 Hemopoietic Effects307
  • 2 Diagnosis of Metal Poisoning307
  • 2.1 History of Exposure308
  • 2.2 Clinical Features308
  • 2.3 Toxicological Analysis309
  • 2.4 Biochemical Investigation309
  • 2.5 Physiological Investigation309
  • 3 Treatment310
  • 3.1 Prevention of Further Absorption310
  • 3.1.1 Removal from Exposure310
  • 3.1.2 Minimizing Absorption from the Gastrointestinal Tract310
  • 3.2 General Supportive Therapy310
  • 3.2.1 Maintenance of Respiration and Circulation311
  • 3.2.2 Maintenance of Water and Electrolyte Balance311
  • 3.2.3 Control of Nervous System Effects311
  • 3.3 Elimination of Absorbed Poison311
  • 3.3.1 Diuresis311
  • 3.3.2 Biliary Excretion311
  • 3.3.3 Dialysis311
  • 3.3.4 Exchange Transfusion312
  • 3.4 Inactivation of the Absorbed Poison312
  • 3.5 Chelation Therapy312
  • 3.5.1 Dimercaprol312
  • 3.5.2 Calcium Disodium Edetate (Calcium EDTA)314
  • 3.5.3 Penicillamine (Cuprimine)315
  • 3.5.4 Triethylene Tetramine (Trien, TETA)315
  • 3.5.5 Desferrioxamine (DFOA)315
  • 3.5.6 Deferiprone (L1)316
  • 3.5.7 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA)316
  • 3.5.8 Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC)316
  • 3.5.9 Combinations of Chelating Agents316
  • 3.6 Modification of Response316
  • 3.6.1 Modification of Tissue Response316
  • 3.6.2 Modification of Biochemical Status317
  • References317
  • Chapter 16: Principles for Prevention of the Toxic Effects of Metals319
  • 1 Introduction319
  • 2 General Principles for Prevention of the Toxic Effects of Metals320
  • 2.1 Hazard Identification321
  • 2.1.1 Lead321
  • 2.1.2 Methylmercury321
  • 2.1.3 Arsenic321
  • 2.2 Reduction of Exposure322
  • 3 Prevention of the Effects of Metal Toxicity in the Work Environment322
  • 3.1 General Considerations322
  • 3.2 Reduction of Exposure322
  • 3.2.1 Elimination of Unnecessary Uses and Substitution of Safer Materials322
  • 3.2.2 Reduced Use of Toxic Metals in Plant and Manufacturing Design323
  • 3.2.3 Other Technical Control Measures323
  • 3.2.4 Local Exhaust Ventilation323
  • 3.2.5 General Room Ventilation323
  • 3.2.6 Housekeeping324
  • 3.2.7 Influence of Personal Hygiene on Metal Absorption and Toxicity324
  • 3.2.8 Reduction of Worker Contact with Toxic Metals and Personal Protective Equipment324
  • 3.3 Monitoring of the Work Environment325
  • 3.3.1 Air Sampling Strategy in the Workplace325
  • 3.3.2 Sampling Technique326
  • 3.3.3 Analysis326
  • 3.3.4 Biological Monitoring326
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780123694133
  • ISBN-13 9780080546100
  • Author Nordberg, Gunnar F.; Fowler, Bruce A.; Nordberg, Monica; Friberg, Lars
  • Edition 3rd
  • Category Medical
  • Subject Toxicology

Do you have questions about this book?

Ask an expert!

Description eBook delivery & access Reviews
Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals is the standard reference work for physicians, toxicologists and engineers in the field of environmental and occupational health. This new edition is a comprehensive review of the effects on biological systems from metallic elements and their compounds. An entirely new structure and illustrations represent the vast array of advancements made since the last edition. Special emphasis has been placed on the toxic effects in humans with chapters on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of metal poisoning. This up-to-date reference provides easy access to a broad range of basic toxicological data and also gives a general introduction to the toxicology of metallic compounds.

* Covers up-to-date toxicological information on 31 metallic elements and their compounds, each in a separate chapter
* New chapters on general chemistry, biological monitoring and biomarkers, essential metals, principles for prevention of the toxic effects of metals, and more