Elsevier S & T

Head and Neck Cancer: Emerging Perspectives

Ensley, John Frederick; Gutkind, Silvio; Jacobs, John A.; Lippman, Scott

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Table of contents

Contentsv
Contributorsxiii
Forewordxvii
PART I: INTRODUCTION1
Chapter 1. Clinical Perspectives in Head and Neck Cancer3
I. Clinical Patterns in Head and Neck Cancer3
II. Human Cancer Surrogates and Models5
III. Translational or Correlative Cancer Research6
IV. Conclusion6
References7
Chapter 2. Head and Neck Cancers with Unusual Natural Histories9
a. Unknown Primary Carcinoma Metastatic to Cervical Nodes9
I. Introduction9
II. Clinical Presentation9
III. Evaluation10
IV. Treatment12
V. Treatment Results13
References15
b. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma16
I. Introduction16
II. Incidence16
III. Natural History17
IV. Pathology17
V. Evaluation18
VI. Treatment19
VII. Results19
References21
Chapter 3. Head and Neck Cancer Imaging23
I. Head and Neck Cancer Imaging23
II. Anatomic Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques for the Head and Neck23
III. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)24
IV. Staging Head and Neck Cancer25
V. Evaluation of Therapy of Head and Neck Cancer28
VI. Assessment of Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer31
VII. Conclusion32
References32
Chapter 4. Preneoplastic Lesions of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract35
I. Introduction35
II. Normal Anatomy35
III. Pathological Features37
IV. Clinical Features45
V. Correlation between Clinical and Histological Findings47
VI. Malignant Progression48
References50
PART II: BASIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS55
Chapter 5. Animal Models in Head and Neck Cancer57
I. Introduction57
II. History of Experimental Head and Neck Cancer Research57
III. Genetic Models for Head and Neck Cancer Research59
IV. Integrative Human-Based Discoveries and Animal Model Testing for Head and Neck Cancer Research61
References61
Chapter 6. Adhesion Receptors in Oral Cancer Invasion65
I. Introduction65
II. Cell–Substrate Adhesion66
III. Extracellular Matrix-lntegrins Interactions and Signal Transduction70
IV. Cadherins and Intracellular Adhesion71
V. Conclusions74
References74
Chapter 7. Angiogenesis, Basic Mechanisms, and Role in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma81
I. Epidemiology, Pathology, and Biology of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)81
II. Basic Mechanisms of Angiogenesis82
III. Angiogenesis in HNSCC83
IV. Antiangiogenic Therapies in HNSCC91
V. Conclusions92
References92
Chapter 8. Cell Cycle Regulatory Mechanisms in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma101
I. Introduction101
II. Progression through the Mammalian Cell Cycle101
III. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CKIs)104
IV. Alterations in Cell Cycle Regulators108
References110
Chapter 9. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Oral or Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma117
I. Introduction117
II. Cancer118
III. Cell Regulation, Oncogenes, and Tumor Suppressor Genes118
IV. Tumor Suppressor Genes120
V. Detection of Individuals at Risk125
VI. Molecular Diagnosis125
VII. Staging125
VIII. Prognostication125
References126
Chapter 10. Proteolysis in Carcinogenesis137
I. Tumor-Associated Protease Systems137
II. Molecular Targets for Proteases in Tumor Progression140
III. Extracellular Proteolysis in Head and Neck Cancer Progression143
References144
Chapter 11 . Papillomaviruses in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma151
I. Introduction151
II. Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs)152
III. Interaction between Cellular Host Factors and E6 of High-Risk HPVs153
IV. Interaction between Cellular Host Factors and E7 of High-Risk HPVs154
V. Methods of Detection of HPVs155
V1. HPV and Normal Mucosa of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract155
VII. HPV and Benign Lesions of the Head and Neck156
VIII. HPVs and Premalignant Lesions of the Head and Neck157
IX. HPV and SCCA of Head and Neck159
X. Conclusions161
References162
Chapter 12. Clinical Correlations of DNA Content Parameters, DNA Ploidy, and S-Phase Fraction in Hea167
I. Introduction167
II. Technical Considerations168
III. DNA Content Parameters for Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck169
IV. DNA Content Parameters and Nonsquamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck176
V. Multiparameter Studies177
VI. Conclusions178
References179
PART III: PREVENTION AND DETECTION183
Chapter 13. Smoking Behavior and Smoking Cessation among Head and Neck Cancer Patients185
I. Introduction185
II. Adverse Effects of Smoking for Head and Neck Cancer Patients186
III. Smoking Rates among Head and Neck Cancer Patients187
IV. Why Head and Neck Cancer Patients May Have Trouble Quitting Smoking188
V. Stage of the Science in Smoking Cessation Interventions192
VI. Directions for Future Research195
References196
Chapter 14. Nutrients, Phytochemicals, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck201
I. Introduction201
II. Tobacco and Nutrients202
III. Alcohol and Nutrients203
IV. Cancer Treatment and Nutrients203
V. Nutritional Consequences of Radiation and Chemotherapy203
VI. Effects of Selected Micronutrients on Radiation and Chemotherapy Toxicity204
VII. Nutrients and Antitumor Effects of Radiation/Chemotherapy205
VIII. Nutrients and Pharmaceuticals in the Prevention of Radiation and Chemotherapy Toxicity206
IX. Conclusions208
References208
Chapter 15. Molecular Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer213
I. Introduction213
II. Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer213
III. Molecular Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer215
IV. Xenobiotic Metabolism of Carcinogens in Head and Neck Cancer215
V. DNA Repair Phenotype and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer216
VI. Polymorphisms in DNA Repair Genes219
VII. Polymorphisms in Cell Cycle Genes220
References221
Chapter 16. Head and Neck Field Carcinogenesis227
I. Introduction227
II. Clinical Evidence for Head and Neck Field Cancerization229
III. Histopathologic Evidence of Field Cancerization230
IV. Genetic Evidence for Field Cancerization231
V. Phenotypic Changes Associated with Field Carcinogenesis236
VI. Clinical Implication of Field Cancerization236
References238
Chapter 17. Molecular Markers of Oral Premalignant Lesion Risk245
1. Introduction245
II. Oral Premalignant Lesions (OPLs): Traditional and Evolving Definitions246
III. Lack of a Reliable System for Predicting Progression Risk of OPLs247
IV. Lack of a Consensus on Treatment for OPLs247
V. Use of Microsatellite Analysis to Identify Oral 248 Mucosal Regions at Risk for Progression248
VI. Use of Molecular Markers to Manage OPLs251
VII. Exfoliated Cell Sampling: A Noninvasive Method for Identification, Risk Prediction, and Managem253
VIII. The Need for Longitudinal Studies255
References256
Chapter 18. Chemoprevention of Oral Premalignant Lesions261
I. Oral Premalignant Lesions: Definition and Significance261
II. Chemoprevention Trials: General Design and Outcome Assessment262
III. Review of Trials263
IV. Validity of Oral Precancerous Lesions in Predicting Efficacy of Agents for Oral Cancer Preventio266
V. Summary and Conclusions267
References268
Chapter 19. Aerodigestive Tract Chemoprevention Trials and Prevention of Second Primary Tumors271
I. Introduction271
II. Epidemiology272
III. Natural History272
IV. Risk Factors273
V. Biology of Head and Neck Cancer275
VI. Chemoprevention276
VII. Chemoprevention Trials276
VIII. Biochemoprevention281
IX. Summary: Future Directions281
References281
Chapter 20. Statistical Methods for Biomarker Analysis for Head and Neck Carcinogenesis and Preventi287
I. Introduction287
II. Type of Biomarker Measures288
III. Standard Statistical Methods for Analyzing Biomarkers289
IV. Distribution of Continuous Biomarkers290
V. Choosing Cut Points for Continuous Biomarkers291
VI. Analysis of Surrogate End Point Biomarkers292
VII. Predicting Cancer Development Using Clinical, Histological, Epidemiologic, and Multiple Biomark295
VIII. Summary and Design Considerations for Biomarker-Integrated Translational Studies301
References302
Chapter 21. Molecular Detection of Head and Neck Cancer305
I. Introduction305
II. Detection of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Exfoliated Cell Samples306
III. Detection of Circulating Tumor Markers310
IV. Microarrays311
V. Spectroscopic Analysis311
VI. Diagnostic or Prognostic Biomarkers in Biopsy Material311
VII. Conclusion312
References312
PART IV: CURRENT APPROACHES: IV. Risk Factors 273 Surgical Considerations315
Chapter 22. Management of the Neck in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck317
I. Introduction317
II. Incidence of Cervical Metastases317
III. Patterns of Lymphatic Spread319
IV. Prognostic Implications of Neck Node Metastases320
V. Current Management of Lymph Nodes of theNeck321
VI. Types of Neck Dissection324
References324
Chapter 23. Management of the Carotid Artery in Advanced Head and Neck Cancer329
I. Management of the Carotid Artery in Advanced Head and Neck Cancer329
II. Patent Presentation: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis329
III. Clinical Outcome330
IV. Nonsurgical Treatment Options331
V. Surgical Treatment Options332
VI. Preoperative Evaluation332
VII. Surgical Procedure333
VIII. Postoperative Complications335
IX. Conclusion335
References336
Chapter 24. Skull Base Surgery339
I. Introduction339
II. Evaluation of Patient340
III. Anesthetic Considerations341
IV. Physiological Monitoring342
V. Pathology342
VI. Surgery of Skull Base346
VII. Complications355
VIII. Conclusion356
References356
Chapter 25. Management of Laryngeal Cancer359
I. Introduction359
II. Treatment of Carcinoma in Situ and Minimally Invasive T, Glottic Cancer360
III. Treatment of T1 Glottic Cancer361
IV. Treatment of T2 Glottic Cancer363
V. Treatment of T3 and T4 Glottic Cancer366
VI. Treatment of Supraglottic Cancer369
VII. Summary371
References372
Chapter 26. Partial Laryngeal Procedures375
I. Introduction375
II. Basic Concepts: Beyond Conservation Laryngeal Surgery to Organ Preservation Surgery of the Laryn376
III. Principle One: Nonsurgical Organ Preservation Strategies versus Organ Preservation Surgery377
IV. Principle Two: The Cricoarytenoid Unit380
V. Principle Three: The Spectrum Concept of Laryngeal Carcinoma and Laryngeal Cancer Surgery381
VI. Principle Four: Resection of Normal Tissue to Maintain Postoperative Function382
VII. Principle Five: The Importance of Local Control383
VIII. Organ Preservation Surgical Techniques383
IX. Organ Preservation Surgery for Carcinomas Arising at the Glottic Level384
X. Organ Preservation Surgery for Carcinomas Arising at the Supraglottic Level386
XI. Summary388
References388
Chapter 27. High-Dose lntraarterial Chemotherapy/Radiation for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer393
I. Introduction393
II. RADPLAT Drug Delivery Technique394
III. RADPLAT Results395
IV. RADPLAT Experience at Other Centers398
V. New Directions Using the RADPLAT Concept399
VI. Conclusions402
References403
Chapter 28. Thyroid Cancer405
I. Introduction405
II. Molecular Basis for Thyroid Cancer406
III. Risk Factors and Etiology406
IV. Tumor Staging/Classification407
V. Evaluation of a Thyroid Nodule408
VI. Review of Thyroid Cancers412
VII. Surgical Management and Technique419
VIII. Postoperative Management and Special Considerations426
IX. Conclusions427
References427
Chapter 29. Assessment of Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer433
I. Background433
II. Survival434
III. Determinant Survival434
IV. Actuarial Survival435
V. Kaplan–Meier Survival436
VI. Morbidity436
VII. Health Status436
VIII. Quality of Life438
IX. Cost of care441
X. Summary441
References442
Nonsurgical Considerations
Chapter 30. Combination of Chemotherapy with Radiation for Head and Neck Cancer445
I. Introduction445
II. Radiotherapy Fractionation Regimes445
III. Goals of Combining Chemotherapy and Radiation447
IV. Randomized Studies of Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Locoregional Therapy447
V. Randomized Trials Addressing Concurrent Chemotherapy with Radiation449
VI. Meta-Analyses Addressing the Role of Chemotherapy454
VII. Summary of Available Trial Results456
VIII. Future Research Directions457
References459
Chapter 31 . Clinical Trials in Advanced Unresectable Head and Neck Cancer461
I. Altered Fractionation Radiation462
II. Induction Chemotherapy463
III. Alternating Chemotherapy and Radiation466
IV. Concurrent Chemotherapy and Radiation466
V. Future Directions469
References470
Chapter 32. Organ Preservation in Head and Neck Cancer475
I. Introduction475
II. Laryngeal Preservation: Cancers of the Larynx and Hypopharynx475
III. Role of Chemotherapy in Preservation of the Oropharynx478
References489
Chapter 33. Nasopharyngeal Cancer491
I. Introduction491
II. Epstein–Barr Virus491
III. Genetics492
IV. Environmental Factors492
V. Anatomy492
VI. Pathology492
VII. Natural History493
VIII. Workup493
IX. Pretreatment Evaluation493
X. Staging493
XI. Radiation Therapy494
XII. Volume Treated494
XIII. Boost Volume494
XIV. Dose Response494
XV. Reirradiation495
XVI. Survival496
XVII. Chemotherapy496
XVIII. Chemotherapy for Recurrent/Metastatic Disease497
XIX. Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced and Previously Untreated Nasopharyngeal Cancer498
XX. Induction Chemotherapy498
XXI. Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy499
XXII. Adjuvant Chemotherapy499
XXIII. Randomized Trials500
XXIV. Conclusion501
References501
PART V: NOVEL APPROACHES507
Chapter 34. Squamous Carcinomas of the Head and Neck: Novel Genomic Approaches509
I. Introduction509
II. Genetic Alterations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC)510
III. Techniques Used for Molecular Profiling of HNSCC510
IV. Use of Gene Assays to Evaluate Gene Expression Profiles in HNSCC514
V. Gene Discovery Efforts in HNSCC: The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project514
VI. Proteomics518
VII. Conclusion519
References519
Chapter 35. Molecular Assessment of Surgical Margins523
I. Introduction523
II. Insight from the Molecular Biology Revolution524
III. The Margin Dilemma524
IV. Technical Factors Influencing Margin Assessment525
V. Is Margin Status Reflective of Biologic Aggressiveness?527
VI. Theoretical Basis for Molecular Margin Analysis528
VII. Published Molecular Margin Studies528
VIII. Clinical Response to Positive Margins530
IX. Concluding Remarks531
References532
Chapter 36. Novel Agents and Modalities for the Treatment of Squamous Carcinoma of the Head and Neck535
I. Novel Targets and Agents for the Treatment of Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNS535
II. Conclusions547
References547
Chapter 37. Gene Therapy for Patients with Head and Neck Cancer555
I. Background556
II. Approaches to Gene Therapy for Cancer557
III. Genes Used in Combination Therapy557
IV. Vectors558
V. Gene Transfer Delivery Sites559
VI. Gene Therapy Trials in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma560
VII. Future of Gene Therapy for Cancer565
References566
Chapter 38. Immunology and lmmunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer569
I. Introduction569
II. Principles of Immunotherapy570
III. Immune Therapeutic Strategies571
IV. Immunology of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)574
V. Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer576
VI. Conclusion581
References581
Index593
Color Plate Section604

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780122399909
ISBN-13 9780080533841
Author Ensley, John Frederick; Gutkind, Silvio; Jacobs, John A.; Lippman, Scott
Category Medical
Subject Internal Medicine

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By detailing experimental and basic research, from premalignancy to fully invasive tumors, this book has wide applicability to all human carcinomas. No other group of human cancers is better positioned for the application of recently developed novel and targeted therapies, and this book uniquely presents the unusual opportunities tumors of the head and neck provide for clinical, translational, and basic science research. Cutting-edge and experimental treatment approaches are presented, along with future strategies and an evaluation of emerging technologies.

Key Features
* Presents a multi-disciplinary perspective from authorities in diverse fields
* Addresses state-of-the art approaches in cancer research as well as other scientific opportunities in this field
* Provides comprehensive yet easily comprehendible source of information

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