Homoplasy: The Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Copyright Pageiv
- CONTENTSv
- CONTRIBUTORSxiii
- PREFACExv
- INTRODUCTIONxvii
- PART I: IMPLICATIONS OF HOMOPLASY1
- Chapter 1. Explanations of Homoplasy at Different Levels of Biological Organization3
- "Built-In" Homoplasy6
- Homoplasy within Clades: Constraints and Selection8
- Homoplasy Pointing to Selection9
- Homoplasy Pointing to Developmental Constraints14
- Homoplasy Pointing to Underlying Synapomorphies16
- Homoplasy among Clades19
- How Do We Find the Patterns?20
- How Do We Explain the Patterns?25
- Explaining Ecological Homoplasy: Community Structure27
- An Alternative to Phylogenetic Systematic Approaches30
- Summary32
- References33
- Chapter 2. Homoplasy Connections and Disconnections: Genes and Species, Molecules and Morphology37
- Introduction37
- Homoplasy in Gene Trees39
- Beyond the Gene Tree: Sources of Homoplasy above the Hierarchical Level of Genes45
- Gene Trees and Phenotypic Homoplasy55
- Conclusions62
- References63
- Chapter 3. The Relationship between Homoplasy and Confidence in a Phylogenetic Tree67
- Introduction67
- Materials and Methods71
- Results74
- Discussion79
- Appendix: Sources for Survey of Phylogenetic Data Sets81
- References88
- Chapter 4. Nonfloral Homoplasy and Evolutionary Scenarios in Living and Fossil Land Plants91
- Introduction91
- Two Steps Forward and One Step Back: Architectural Transitions among the Rhizomorphic Lycopsids94
- The Rampant Parallelism of Heterospory97
- The Origin of the Sporocarp-Bearing Water Ferns99
- The Origin of Some Pteridophytic "Living Fossils"103
- Are the Bryophytes Vascular Plant Precursor or Secondarily Simplified Rhyniophytes?106
- Profound Shifts in Ecological Roles: Aquatics and Heterotrophs110
- Discussion113
- Summary123
- Note Added in Proof124
- References125
- Chapter 5. Behavioral Characters and Homoplasy: Perception versus Practice131
- Introduction131
- Behaviors as Phylogenetic Characters: The Perception132
- Behavior and Homoplasy135
- Behavioral Characters in Phylogenetic Analysis: The Practice139
- Conclusions145
- References146
- PART II: MEASURES OF HOMOPLASY151
- Chapter 6. Measures of Homoplasy153
- Introduction153
- Measures of Character Homoplasy155
- Measures of Data Set Homoplasy158
- Specialized Measures of Homoplasy167
- A Comparison of Homoplasy Measures and Indices171
- References186
- Chapter 7. The Measurement of Homoplasy: A Stochastic View189
- Definition of Homoplasy189
- The Use of Measures of Homoplasy in Systematics190
- A Probabilistic Measure of Homoplasy193
- Discussion201
- References202
- PART III: GENERATION OF HOMOPLASY205
- Chapter 8. Complexity and Homoplasy207
- Introduction207
- Complexity209
- Homoplasy215
- Summary222
- References223
- Chapter 9. Exaptation, Adaptation, and Homoplasy: Evolution of Ecological Traits in Dalechampia Vine227
- Introduction227
- Study System228
- Materials and Methods229
- Evolution of Plant–Pollinator Interactions230
- Evolution of Defense Systems231
- Evolution of Novelty and Parallelism Is Associated with Exaptations231
- Natural Selection Generates Homoplasy238
- Conclusions240
- References241
- Chapter 10. Patterns of Homoplasy in Behavioral Evolution245
- Introduction245
- Behavioral Homoplasy at the Subspecific Level: Population Diversification248
- Behavioral Homoplasy at and above the Species Level259
- Homoplasy and Pattern in Behavioral Evolution263
- References265
- Chapter 11. Ontogenetic Evolution, Clade Diversification, and Homoplasy271
- Analogous Variation and Evolutionary Diversity271
- Models of Ontogeny and Ontogenetic Evolution272
- Flower Development275
- Homoplastic Transformations in Floral Ontogenetic Evolution277
- Ontogenetic Evolution, Clade Diversification, and Homoplasy294
- Conclusions298
- References299
- Chapter 12. Homoplasy in Angiosperm Flowers303
- Introduction303
- An Example–Trimerous Flowers in Eudicots305
- Homoplasy at Different Evolutionary Levels in Asterid Flowers307
- Homoplasy by Simplification311
- Conclusions312
- Appendix 1. Families and Genera with Completely Trimerous Flowers314
- Appendix 2. Families and Genera with Flowers That Are Trimerous Except for the Gynoecium316
- Appendix 3. Families and Genera with Flowers That Are Trimerous Except for the Androecium, Which Is318
- Appendix 4. Families and Genera with Flowers That Are Trimerous Except for the Calyx, Which Is Penta318
- References319
- Chapter 13. Homoplasy and the Evolutionary Process: An Afterword327
- Index331
Why do unrelated organisms sometimes appear almost identical in details of the anatomy, behavior, physiology, and ecology? Homoplasy assembles leaders in evolutionary biology to explore issues of parallelism, convergence, and reversals. This innovative book is certain to provoke discussion of homoplasy compelling evidence for particular theories of evolutionary change
Key Features
* The first book on this increasingly interesting subject
* Includes authoritative treatments from leading experts expressing a variety of viewpoints
Key Features
* The first book on this increasingly interesting subject
* Includes authoritative treatments from leading experts expressing a variety of viewpoints