Elsevier S & T

Hot Spot Pollutants: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

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Table of contents

Title Pageiii
Copyright Pageiv
Contentsv
Contributorsxv
Prefacexix
Part I: Editorial1
Chapter 1. Hot Spot Pollutants: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment3
Text3
References6
Part II: Occurrence and Fate9
Chapter 2. Occurrence, Fate, and Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment: An E11
I. Introduction and Background11
II. Occurrence of PhACs in Sewage, Surface, Ground, and Drinking Water12
III. Conclusions29
References29
Chapter 3. The Sorption and Transport of a Sulphonamide Antibiotic in Soil Systems37
I. Introduction37
II. Methods39
III. Results42
IV. Discussion45
V. Conclusions47
References48
Chapter 4. Concentrations of the UV Filter Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate in the Aquatic Compartment: A51
I. Introduction51
II. Methods52
III. Results57
IV. Discussion59
References61
Chapter 5. Exposure Simulation for Pharmaceuticals in European Surface Waters with GREAT-ER63
I. Introduction63
II. GREAT-ER System Description64
III. Output of GREAT-ER66
IV. Methods68
V. Results and Discussion71
VI. Conclusions75
References76
Chapter 6. Indirect Human Exposure to Pharmaceuticals via Drinking Water79
I. Introduction79
II. Methodology81
III. Results81
IV. Discussion85
V. Conclusions91
References92
Part III: Effects95
Chapter 7. Morphological Sex Reversal Upon Short-Term Exposure to Endocrine Modulators in Juvenile F97
I. Introduction97
II. Materials and Methods99
III. Results102
IV. Discussion109
References111
Chapter 8. Determination of Vitellogenin Kinetics in Male Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas)115
I. Introduction115
II. Materials and Methods117
III. Results119
IV. Discussion124
References127
Chapter 9. Integrated In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Reproductive and Developmental Effects of E131
I. Introduction131
II. Invertebrate Diversity132
III. Ecotoxicity Testing with Crustaceans and Insects134
IV. Conclusions and Recommendations138
References139
Chapter 10. How Can Toxic Effects of Pollution of the Aquatic Environment on the Immunocompetence of143
I. Introduction143
II. Evaluation of Natural Resistance or Immunity Against Bacterial and Viral Infection149
III. Activation of Leukocytes and Leukocyte Subpopulations150
IV. Phagocytosis152
V. Respiratory Burst152
VI. Antibody Secretion153
VII. Specific Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity155
VIII. Gene Array156
IX. Discussion158
References159
Chapter 11. Aquatic Ecotoxicology of Fluoxetine: A Review of Recent Research165
I. Introduction165
II. Fluoxetine Exposure and Detection in Surface Waters167
III. Single Species Toxicity Test Organism Responses to Fluoxetine168
IV. Medaka Reproduction and Endocrine Function Responses to Fluoxetine171
V. Fluoxetine Effects: Community Responses to Fluoxetine, Ibuprofen, and Ciprofloxacin Mixtures175
VI. Ecological Risk Characterization for Fluoxetine176
VII. Conclusions178
References181
Chapter 12. Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Pharmaceuticals Including the Assessment of Combination Effects189
I. Introduction189
II. Methods192
III. Results194
IV. Discussion197
V. Conclusions199
References199
Part IV: Principal Considerations203
Chapter 13. Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical Drug Substances„Conceptual Considerati205
I. Introduction205
II. Available Relevant Pharmacological, Pharmacodynamic, and Toxicological Information206
III. Use of Pharmacodynamic Information from Mammalian Species in Ecotoxicological Test Strategies208
IV. Use of Pharmacological and Toxicological Information from Mammalian Species in Ecotoxicological210
V. Use of Pharmacokinetic Information in Ecotoxicological Test Strategies210
VI. Criteria for the Development of an Ecotoxicological Test Strategy211
VII. Conclusions and Recommendations213
References214
Chapter 14. Pharmacodynamic Activity of Drugs and Ecotoxicology„Can the Two Be Connected?217
I. Introduction217
II. Problem Statement218
III. Mammalian Pharmacodynamics and Ecospecies220
IV. Ecotoxicology vs. Mammalian (Human) Toxicology224
V. Conclusion231
References232
Chapter 15. Proposed Development of Sediment Quality Guidelines Under the European Water Framework D235
I. Introduction235
II. Water Framework Directive236
III. Outstanding Questions on European Union Sediment EQSs239
IV. Conclusions247
References248
Part V: Risk Assessment253
Chapter 16. Prioritization of Veterinary Medicines in the UK Environment255
I. Introduction255
II. Prioritization Approach256
III. Results261
IV. Discussion263
V. Conclusions269
References269
Chapter 17. European Medicines and Feed Additives Regulation Are Not in Compliance With Environmenta271
I. Introduction271
II. EU Environmental Legislation and the Relation to Product Registration272
III. Product Registration and the Relation with EU Environmental Policy and Laws274
IV. Product Directives on Medicines and the Environmental Assessment275
V. The Development of the ERA for Veterinary Medicinal Products in Europe276
VI. Contents of the ERA for Veterinary Medicines279
VII. Implementation of the ERA282
VIII. Discussion and Conclusions284
References285
Chapter 18. Environmental Risk Assessment of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the EU: Reply to Montfort289
I. Introduction289
II. Marketing Authorization for VMPs in the European Union290
III. The VICH Process292
IV. VICH Phase I Guidance on Ecotoxicity295
V. VICH Phase II Guidance296
VI. Conclusions296
References297
Chapter 19. Environmental Risk Assessment for New Human Pharmaceuticals in the European Union Accord299
I. Introduction299
II. General Principles of the 2003 Human Pharmaceuticals ERA Draft Guideline301
III. Discussion310
References316
Index319

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780120329533
ISBN-13 9780080521947

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Hot Spot Pollutants describes how pharmaceuticals and/or endocrine active compounds gain entry into the aquatic ecosystem, effects on specific organisms and the potential risk involved for the whole ecosystem. In addition it presents the latest views and developments regarding legal requirements for assessing the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals. This books includes the views of academic, industry and government scientists, and thus aims for a balanced presentation of all standpoints.

The book consists of papers that appeared previously in the journal Toxicology Letters in 2002 and 2003, and have been collected in this single volume to make them accessible to a broader audience. Authors were asked to update their contributions where necessary. See also Toxicology Letters volume 131, issues 1 and 2 (2002), and volume 142 issue 3 (2003).

* State-of-the-art information of pharmaceuticals in the environment
* Leading Academic, industry and government contributors
* Provides the views of the experts in the field
* Offers a thorough basis to attain a good overview including all facets of the field

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