Human Performance and Ergonomics: Perceptual and Cognitive Principles
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxiii
- Prefacexvii
- Chapter 1. Engineering Psychology and Ergonomics1
- I. The Discipline3
- II. Applications Areas14
- III. Recent Trends24
- IV. Future Challenges27
- V. Theoretical Contributions32
- VI. Sources of Further Information33
- References34
- Chapter 2. Cognition in Human–Machine Systems: Experiential and Environmental Aspects of Adaptatio47
- I. Introduction47
- II. Sufficiency Perspectives on Cognition50
- III. HMS Research: Experiential and Environmental Aspects55
- IV. Conclusion64
- References65
- Chapter 3. Human Engineering for Quality of Life69
- I. Concept of Quality of Life and Medical Care69
- II. Quality of Life and Daily Life71
- III. Definition of Quality of Life in Daily Life73
- IV. Measurement of QOL Using Psychological Scaling76
- V. Examples of Designs Taking Account of QOL79
- VI. Summary83
- References83
- Chapter 4. Applied Decision Making87
- I. Introduction87
- II. Successful Applications of Traditional Decision Research88
- III. Concerns about the Applicability of the PDA and Rationalist Frameworks91
- IV. Some Limits of Prescriptive and Rationalist Decision-Making Research95
- V. Broadening the Framework of Decision Making97
- VI. Conclusion102
- References104
- Chapter 5. Beyond Error: The Language of Coordination and Stability109
- I. Introduction109
- II. Open versus Closed Systems110
- III. Open-loop versus Closed-loop Control112
- IV. The Forward and Feedback Loops115
- V. The Feedback Loop: Data, Information, and Meaning116
- VI. The Forward Loop: Decision and Action117
- VII. The Whole Loop120
- VIII. Feedback and Feed Forward122
- IX. Performance and Observation123
- X. Summary126
- References127
- Chapter 6. Communication Aids for People with Hearing Loss129
- I. Incidence and Nature of Hearing Loss129
- II. A Brief History of Communication Aids for Hearing Loss137
- III. Visual Communication Aids144
- IV. Tactual Aids155
- V. Neuro-Electric Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve157
- VI. Categorizing Communication Aids159
- References167
- Chapter 7. Developing and Evaluating Conversational Agents173
- I. Relevance174
- II. Background and Significance175
- III. The Importance of Talking Faces in Dialogue176
- IV. Control Mechanism179
- V. Units of Speech Synthesis180
- VI. Effectiveness of a Conversational Agent181
- VII. The Fuzzy Logic Model of Perception182
- VIII. Illustrative Experiment: Varying the Ambiguity of the Speech Modalities183
- IX. Perception of Paralinguistic Information187
- X. Listening by Conversational Agents190
- XI. Other Approaches192
- References193
- Chapter 8. Aerospace Psychology195
- I. Introduction195
- II. Visual Flight198
- III. Sources of Task Support224
- IV. Conclusion233
- References234
- Chapter 9. Expectancy and Control: Perceptual and Cognitive Aspects of the Driving Task243
- I. Introduction243
- II. Levels of Activity and Task Control245
- III. Changing Speed and Position247
- IV. Changing Gear248
- V. Judgments of Distance and Speed250
- VI. Judgments of Time-to-Contact252
- VII. Driving Tasks and the Selection of Information254
- VIII. Risk Appreciation and Hazard Perception255
- IX. Control Structures: Servo-Control Models of Performance256
- X. Control Structures: Goal-Directed Models of Performance258
- XI. Conclusion259
- References260
- Chapter 10. Scaling Problems in the Design of Work Spaces for Human Use265
- I. Introduction265
- II. Scaling the Workplace to the User's Action Capabilities268
- III. Use-Centered Design and Affordances270
- IV. Insights from Physical Biology272
- V. Constraints on Action274
- VI. Using Performance-Based Standards for Defining Reach Envelopes278
- VII. Concluding Remarks about Fit282
- VIII. The Means-End Abstraction Hierarchy285
- IX. Conclusion287
- References288
- Chapter 11. Human–Computer Interaction: The Psychology of Augmented Human Behavior291
- I. Introduction291
- II. The Context of Human-Computer Interaction292
- III. Psychology as a Reactive Science294
- IV. Natural Selection and Evolution in the Development of Information Technology303
- V. Tasks and Technology308
- VI. Navigation: The Effectiveness of Design Imperatives315
- VII. Implications for Psychology319
- VIII. A Constructive View of Psychology and Augmentation320
- IX. Conclusion323
- References325
- Chapter 12. Human Performance in Multi-Operator Systems329
- I. Introduction329
- II. Teams Defined330
- III. Brief History of Team Research331
- IV. Theoretical Foundations332
- V. Team Level Elements of Success: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Affective337
- VI. Measurement of Team Performance339
- VII. Approaches for Enhancing Teamwork341
- VIII. Technology368
- IX. Conclusion375
- References376
- Index387
Human Performance and Ergonomics brings together a comprehensive and modern account of how the context of performance is crucial to understanding behavior. Environment provides both constraints and opportunities to individuals, such that external conditions may have reciprocal or interactive effects on behavior.
The book begins with an account of research in human factors and engineering, with application of research to real world environments, methodological concerns, and rumination on current and future trends. The book proceeds to how technology has moved from being designed to help human physical survival to helping humans achieve "quality of life" improvements. Real world examples are explored in detail including hearing technology, driving, and aviation. Issues of control, maneuvering, and planning are discussed in conjunction with how intention and expectancy affect behavior. The fit between human and environment is examined as a dynamic interaction, and many chapters address the all important human-machine communication, particularly that between humans and computers.
The book closes with a reminder that even our technological environment is filled with other people, with whom we must interact personally or via technology, to achieve our larger goals. Teamwork is thus discussed for its integration of cognitive, behavioral, and affective components toward our achieving desired aims.
* Includes the application of research in human factors in engineering to real world environments
* Discussion of both current and future trends is included
* Real-world examples of how technology is now helping humans to achieve "quality of life" improvements are explored in detail including hearing technology, driving and aviation
* Many chapters examine the all important human/machine communication, particularly human-computer interaction (HCI)
The book begins with an account of research in human factors and engineering, with application of research to real world environments, methodological concerns, and rumination on current and future trends. The book proceeds to how technology has moved from being designed to help human physical survival to helping humans achieve "quality of life" improvements. Real world examples are explored in detail including hearing technology, driving, and aviation. Issues of control, maneuvering, and planning are discussed in conjunction with how intention and expectancy affect behavior. The fit between human and environment is examined as a dynamic interaction, and many chapters address the all important human-machine communication, particularly that between humans and computers.
The book closes with a reminder that even our technological environment is filled with other people, with whom we must interact personally or via technology, to achieve our larger goals. Teamwork is thus discussed for its integration of cognitive, behavioral, and affective components toward our achieving desired aims.
* Includes the application of research in human factors in engineering to real world environments
* Discussion of both current and future trends is included
* Real-world examples of how technology is now helping humans to achieve "quality of life" improvements are explored in detail including hearing technology, driving and aviation
* Many chapters examine the all important human/machine communication, particularly human-computer interaction (HCI)