Hydrocarbon Exploration & Production
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Hydrocarbon Exploration and Productioniii
- Copyright pageiv
- Contentsv
- Principal Authorsix
- Introduction: About This Bookxi
- Chapter 1. The Field Life Cycle1
- 1.1. Gaining Access Phase1
- 1.2. Exploration Phase2
- 1.3. Appraisal Phase3
- 1.4. Development Planning4
- 1.5. Production Phase5
- 1.6. Decommissioning6
- Chapter 2. Petroleum Agreements and Bidding9
- 2.1. The Invitation to Bid9
- 2.2. Motivations and Form of Bid12
- 2.3. Block Award13
- 2.4. Fiscal System14
- 2.5. Farm-in and Farm-out14
- 2.6. Unitisation and Equity Determination16
- Chapter 3. Exploration19
- 3.1. Hydrocarbon Accumulations19
- 3.2. Exploration Methods and Techniques24
- Chapter 4. Drilling Engineering47
- 4.1. Well Planning47
- 4.2. Rig Types and Rig Selection48
- 4.3. Drilling Systems and Equipment52
- 4.4. Site Preparation60
- 4.5. Drilling Techniques62
- 4.6. Casing and Cementing72
- 4.7. Drilling Problems76
- 4.8. Costs and Contracts79
- Chapter 5. Safety and the Environment83
- 5.1. Safety Culture83
- 5.2. Safety Management Systems86
- 5.3. Environment88
- 5.4. Current Environmental Concerns91
- Chapter 6. Reservoir Description95
- 6.1. Reservoir Geology95
- 6.2. Reservoir Fluids108
- 6.3. Data Gathering141
- 6.4. Data Interpretation152
- Chapter 7. Volumetric Estimation173
- 7.1. Deterministic Methods173
- 7.2. Expressing Uncertainty177
- Chapter 8. Field Appraisal191
- 8.1. The Role of Appraisal in the Field Life Cycle191
- 8.2. Identifying and Quantifying Sources of Uncertainty192
- 8.3. Appraisal Tools194
- 8.4. Expressing Reduction of Uncertainty195
- 8.5. Cost-Benefit Calculations for Appraisal196
- 8.6. Practical Aspects of Appraisal199
- Chapter 9. Reservoir Dynamic Behaviour201
- 9.1. The Driving Force for Production201
- 9.2. Reservoir Drive Mechanisms203
- 9.3. Gas Reservoirs210
- 9.4. Fluid Displacement in the Reservoir217
- 9.5. Reservoir Simulation222
- 9.6. Estimating the Recovery Factor223
- 9.7. Estimating the Production Profile224
- 9.8. Enhanced Oil Recovery226
- Chapter 10. Well Dynamic Behaviour229
- 10.1. Estimating the Number of Development Wells229
- 10.2. Fluid Flow Near the Wellbore231
- 10.3. Horizontal Wells234
- 10.4. Production Testing and Bottom Hole Pressure Testing237
- 10.5. Tubing Performance241
- 10.6. Well Completions244
- 10.7. Completion Technology and Intelligent Wells249
- 10.8. Artificial Lift254
- 10.9. Subsea vs. Platform Trees260
- Chapter 11. Surface Facilities265
- 11.1. Oil and Gas Processing266
- 11.2. Facilities291
- Chapter 12. Production Operations and Maintenance311
- 12.1. Operating and Maintenance Objectives312
- 12.2. Production Operations Input to the FDP312
- 12.3. Maintenance Engineering Input to the FDP319
- Chapter 13. Project and Contract Management325
- 13.1. Phasing and Organisation325
- 13.2. Planning and Control329
- 13.3. Cost Estimation and Budgets332
- 13.4. Reasons for Contracting334
- 13.5. Types of Contract335
- Chapter 14. Petroleum Economics337
- 14.1. Basic Principles of Development Economics337
- 14.2. Constructing a Project Cashflow339
- 14.3. Calculating a Discounted Cashflow351
- 14.4. Economic Indicators356
- 14.5. Project Screening and Ranking357
- 14.6. Sensitivity Analysis359
- 14.7. Incorporating Inflation360
- 14.8. Exploration Economics362
- Chapter 15. Risk Analysis365
- 15.1. Risk Definition and Unit of Measure365
- 15.2. Summary of Risk Analysis Techniques in Exploration and Appraisal366
- 15.3. Risk Analysis for Major Capital Investments in Projects369
- 15.4. Managing Commercial Risk383
- Chapter 16. Managing the Producing Field385
- 16.1. Managing the Subsurface386
- 16.2. Managing the Surface Facilities394
- 16.3. Managing the External Factors399
- 16.4. Managing the Internal Factors401
- Chapter 17. Managing Decline405
- 17.1. Infill Drilling405
- 17.2. Workover Activity407
- 17.3. Enhanced Oil Recovery410
- 17.4. Production De-Bottlenecking412
- 17.5. Incremental Development415
- Chapter 18. Decommissioning419
- 18.1. Legislation419
- 18.2. Economic Lifetime420
- 18.3. Decommissioning Funding421
- 18.4. Decommissioning Methods422
- References and Bibliography427
- Terms and Abbreviations429
- Subject Index433
Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production, Second Edition is a comprehensive and current introduction to the upstream industry, drawing together the many inter-disciplinary links within the industry. It presents all the major stages in the life of an oil or gas field, from gaining access to opportunity, through exploration, appraisal, development planning, production, and finally to decommissioning. It also explains the fiscal and commercial environment in which oil and gas field development takes place.
The book is written for industry professionals who wish to be better informed about the basic technical and commercial methods, concepts and techniques used in the upstream oil and gas business. The authors are the founders of TRACS International, a company which has provided training and consultancy in Exploration and Production related issues for many clients world-wide since 1992.
* Clearly written in a concise and straightforward manner
* Features detailed technical illustrations to maximize learning
* Presents major advances in the industry, including technical methods for field evaluation and development and techniques used for managing risk within the business
* Developed from TRACS International course materials, discussions with clients, and material available in the public domain
The book is written for industry professionals who wish to be better informed about the basic technical and commercial methods, concepts and techniques used in the upstream oil and gas business. The authors are the founders of TRACS International, a company which has provided training and consultancy in Exploration and Production related issues for many clients world-wide since 1992.
* Clearly written in a concise and straightforward manner
* Features detailed technical illustrations to maximize learning
* Presents major advances in the industry, including technical methods for field evaluation and development and techniques used for managing risk within the business
* Developed from TRACS International course materials, discussions with clients, and material available in the public domain