Hydrophile - Lipophile Balance of Surfactants and Solid Particles: Physicochemical aspects and applications
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Table of contents
- Cover
- List of Contentsix
- Prefacev
- Introduction1
- Chapter 1. Physicochemical properties of surfactants used in the definition of hydrophile- lipophile4
- 1.1. Classification of surfactants with respect to structure and chemical nature4
- 1.2. Surface-related properties of surfactants7
- 1.3. Bulk Properties of Surfactants40
- 1.4. The contributions to Gibbs' energy corresponding to the transfer of surfactant molecules from b72
- 1.5. Brief Review of Surfactant Chromatography83
- 1.6. References89
- Chapter 2. Stabilising ability of surfactants in emulsification and foam formation100
- 2.1. Physicochemical properties of emulsion films103
- 2.2. Kinetics of flocculation and coalescence116
- 2.3. Phase inversion in emulsions124
- 2.4. Effect of temperature on emulsion stability - phase inversion temperature PIT130
- 2.5. Relation between foam stability and hydrophile-lipophile balance138
- 2.6. References140
- Chapter 3. Hydrophile-lipophile balance of surfactants146
- 3.1. Griffin's system of HLB numbers146
- 3.2. Kinetic and thermodynamic rationalisation of HLB numbers - Davies' HLBD number173
- 3.3. Critical micellisation concentration and HLB numbers181
- 3.4. Phase inversion temperature in emulsion-measure of hydrophile–lipophile balance190
- 3.5. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and chromatographic characteristics of surfactants195
- 3.6. Comparative analysis of Griffin's and Davies' HLB numbers, consideration of the influence of th205
- 3.7. Thermodynamic approaches to the determination of hydrophile-lipophile balance215
- 3.8. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and phase inversion of emulsions244
- 3.9. Hydrophilic-oleophilic ratio and the formation of micellar systems(surfactant phases)252
- 3.10. References259
- Chapter 4. Hydrophile-lipophile balance of solid particles267
- 4.1. Behaviour of drops at solid surfaces, and solid spherical particles at liquid/liquid interface268
- 4.2. Stabilisation of emulsions by solid particles274
- 4.3. Work of wetting and determination of the hydrophile-lipophile balance for solid particles283
- 4.4. Calculation of the hydrophile-lipophile balance for highly disperse solid emulsifiers288
- 4.5. The dependence of emulsion stability on the work of wetting of emulsifier particles. HLB used a293
- 4.6. References310
- Chapter 5. Examples of the implementation of hydrophilicity-lipophility concepts in the development314
- 5.1. Physicochemical properties of microemulsion systems315
- 5.2. Emulsion systems and emulsion technologies321
- 5.3. Use of microemulsion systems for enhanced oil recovery from reservoirs331
- 5.4. Breakdown of dilute emulsions333
- 5.5. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and foaming properties of microemulsions338
- 5.6. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and selection of reagents in the processes of surface (foam) separ348
- 5.7. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and sanitary-technical characteristics of surfactants350
- 5.8. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and protein structure353
- 5.9. Use of the hydrophile-lipophile balance concept for the characterisation of solid surfaces with356
- 5.10. References365
- List of Symbols374
- Abbreviations of surfactants and surfactant mixtures378
- Acronyms380
- Subject Index382
This book considers the different concepts of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of surfactants and solid particles and the main physicochemical properties of surfactant and solid interfaces which are used to definite the hydrophile-lipophile balance. The book comprehensively analyses all interfacial and bulk properties of surfactants used for the determination of HLB (such as interfacial tension, distribution coefficient, adsorption, surface pressure, surfactants solubility, structure characteristics, distribution between heteropolar phases, micellar formation, chromatographic characteristics, phase separation in emulsions, phase inversion temperature, formation of three phase systems).
The central point of the book is the energetic interpretation of the balance, i.e. the hydrophile-lipophile ratio. At the same time the HLB-number systems of Griffin and Davies and other independant methods of the hydrophile-lipophile balance definitions are discussed: PIT, polarity indexes, surfactant affinity difference etc. The possibility of application of the different characteristics of the hydrophile-lipophile balance as a criterion of phase inversion in emulsions and microemulsion systems water-oil-surfactant are considered.
For the first time the different methods of the hydrophile-lilophile balance definition for solid particles in compact and dispersed form are suggested by the author. The use of hydrophile-lipophile characteristics of solid particles as a criterion of phase inversion in emulsion stabilisation and for other applications is discussed.
The central point of the book is the energetic interpretation of the balance, i.e. the hydrophile-lipophile ratio. At the same time the HLB-number systems of Griffin and Davies and other independant methods of the hydrophile-lipophile balance definitions are discussed: PIT, polarity indexes, surfactant affinity difference etc. The possibility of application of the different characteristics of the hydrophile-lipophile balance as a criterion of phase inversion in emulsions and microemulsion systems water-oil-surfactant are considered.
For the first time the different methods of the hydrophile-lilophile balance definition for solid particles in compact and dispersed form are suggested by the author. The use of hydrophile-lipophile characteristics of solid particles as a criterion of phase inversion in emulsion stabilisation and for other applications is discussed.