Ice Age Southern Andes: A Chronicle of Palaeoecological Events
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsxi
- Prefacevii
- Acknowledgmentsix
- List of figures and tablesxiii
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- Chapter 2. Backdrop of botanical exploration3
- Chapter 3. Physical setting5
- 3.1 South America, Southern Ocean, and Antarctica. Their Position in the Southern Hemisphere5
- 3.2 Andean Cordillera5
- 3.3 Valle Central11
- 3.4 Cordillera de la Costa13
- 3.5 Continental Shelf15
- Chapter 4. Climate16
- 4.1 General Characteristics16
- 4.2 Climate Controls18
- Chapter 5. Glaciation22
- 5.1 Late Tertiary–Pleistocene22
- 5.2 Last Glaciation23
- 5.3 Lateglacial33
- 5.4 Present Interglaciation: Holocene33
- 5.5 Glacier Models and Paleoclimate37
- Chapter 6. Land–sea level variations38
- Chapter 7. Volcanism40
- 7.1 Fuego–Patagonia40
- 7.2 Península de Taitao–Archipié1ago de los Chonos–Adjacent Andes42
- 7.3 Región de los Lagos43
- 7.4 Settlement Volcanic Activity43
- Chapter 8. Vegetation44
- 8.1 Chilean Plant Formations45
- 8.2 Argentine Plant Formations68
- 8.3 Community Distribution and Dynamics73
- Chapter 9. Man, megafauna, and fire74
- Chapter 10. Research methods: approach to the problem of paleoenvironmental reconstruction81
- 10.1 Field81
- 10.2 Laboratory81
- 10.3 Pollen and Spore Morphology82
- Chapter 11. Pollen fallout reflective of vegetation during latest centuries: presettlement and settl86
- 11.1 Presettlement86
- 11.2 Settlement101
- Chapter 12. Paleoecological sites, cores, and pollen/spore diagrams105
- 12.1 Northern Valle Central105
- 12.2 Región de los Lagos111
- 12.3 Isla Grande de Chiloé131
- 12.4 Chiloé Continental137
- 12.5 Southern Patagonia142
- 12.6 Fuegia154
- Chapter 13. Ice age Southern Andes174
- 13.1 Vegetation and Paleoclimate174
- 13.2 Beetle (Coleoptera) and Pollen Evidence for Fullglacial–Lateglacial Climatic Change178
- 13.3 Plant Migration181
- 13.4 Relict Communities and Refugia184
- 13.5 Correlative Marine–Land Stratigraphies186
- Chapter 14. Global connections188
- 14.1 New Zealand–Tasmania188
- 14.2 Southern Ocean–Antarctica190
- 14.3 Europe–North Atlantic–North America193
- 14.4 Overview194
- Chapter 15. Summary195
- References198
- Index235
(-24˚), vegetation is adjusted to climatic gradients and atmospheric circulation patterns.
Opposed to the prevailing Southern Westerlies, the Southern Andes are positioned to receive the brunt of the winds, while biota are set to record the shifting of incoming storm systems over time. Sequential, latitudinally-placed, sedimentary deposits containing microfossils and macroremains, as archives of past vegetation and climate, make possible the detection of equatorward and poleward displacement of plant communities and, as a consequence, changes in climatic controls. No terrestrial setting in the Southern Hemisphere is so unique for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction during and since the last ice age. Twenty radiocarbon-dated fossil pollen and spore records chosen to place emphasis on the last ice age include high-resolution, submillennial data sets that also cover the Holocene, thus providing contrast between present interglacial and past glacial ages. From a refined data base, the records constitute the foundation for interpreting factors responsible for vegetation change over >50,000 14C years, glacial-interglacial migration and refugial patterns for a diversity of taxa, and the extent of intrahemispheric and polar hemispheric synchroneity versus asynchroneity.