Elsevier S & T

Immediate Early Genes and Inducible Transcription Factors in Mapping of the Central Nervous System Function and Dysfunction

Kaczmarek, L.; Robertson, H.A.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Contentsxi
  • List of Contributorsv
  • Prefaceix
  • Chapter I. Methods used in Inducible Transcription Factor Studies: Focus on mRNA1
  • 1. Introduction1
  • 2. ITF induction as a marker of neuronal activation3
  • 3. Methods used in ITF studies8
  • 4. Concluding remarks30
  • 5. Abbreviations31
  • 6. Acknowledgements31
  • 7. References31
  • Chapter II. Neuroanatomical and Functional Mapping using Activation of Transcription Factors39
  • 1. Abbreviations43
  • 2. Acknowledgements43
  • 3. References43
  • Chapter II. Studies of the DNA Binding Activity of Transcription Factors in Mapping Brain Function45
  • 1. Introduction45
  • 2. Rationale behind studying DNA binding activity of transcription factors45
  • 3. Procedural aspects and technical considerations46
  • 4. Visualization of DNA binding activities of transcription factors in brain structures50
  • 5. Changes of DNA binding activities of AP-1 transcription factors in the brain after various stimul51
  • 6. Alterations in the composition of AP-1 DNA binding activity and its impact on transactivating pot51
  • 7. Abbreviations55
  • 8. Acknowledgements55
  • 9. References55
  • Chapter IV. Immediate-Early Gene (IEG) Expression Mapping of Vocal Communication Areas in the Avian59
  • 1. Introduction59
  • 2. Mapping zenk expression in the brain64
  • 3. zenk induction by song presentation67
  • 4. zenk induction by song presentation: negative regions80
  • 5. Singing-related zenk expression82
  • 6. zenk expression in wild birds86
  • 7. Comparative approach to mapping avian vocal control systems87
  • 8. Other genes91
  • 9. Summary and perspectives92
  • 10. Abbreviations93
  • 11. References94
  • Chapter V. Molecular Activity Maps of Sensory Function103
  • 1. Introduction103
  • 2. The somatosensory system107
  • 3. The chemosensory systems113
  • 4. The auditory system119
  • 5. The visual system123
  • 6. Multisensory processing131
  • 7. Abbreviations131
  • 8. Acknowledgements133
  • 9. References133
  • Chapter VI. Immediate-Early Gene Expression in the Analysis of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep147
  • 1. Introduction147
  • 2. IEG expression in the SCN149
  • 3. Spontaneous rhythms of IEG expression153
  • 4. Regulation of IEG expression155
  • 5. Functional roles of IEG proteins157
  • 6. Interaction of circadian and sleep-wake mechanisms159
  • 7. Conclusions165
  • 8. Abbreviations165
  • 9. References166
  • Chapter VII. The Expression of c-Fos in the Spinal Cord: Mapping of Nociceptive Pathways171
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Primary afferent termination within the spinal cord171
  • 3. c-Fos expression in the dorsal horn174
  • 4. Primary afferent neurotransmitters and Fos activation177
  • 5. Conclusion183
  • 6. Abbreviations184
  • 7. References184
  • Chapter VIII. c-Fos in Learning: Beyond the Mapping of Neuronal Activity189
  • 1. Introduction189
  • 2. c-Fos: its activation, its involvement in AP-1 transcription factor, and its target genes189
  • 3. Patterns of expression in learning191
  • 4. Functional role for c-fos in learning as indicated by the interventive approaches206
  • 5. Concluding remarks: can c-Fos play a role in the integration of information in learning?208
  • 6. Abbreviations209
  • 7. Acknowledgements210
  • 8. References210
  • Chapter IX. Mapping Neuropathology with Inducible and Constitutive Transcription Factors217
  • 1. Introduction217
  • 2. Inducible transcription factors217
  • 3. CTFs: the ATF family220
  • 4. Upstream mediators of ITFs and CTFs222
  • 5. c-Jun/JNK/p38 and caspases224
  • 6. c-Jun and c-Fos in Alzheimer's disease227
  • 7. p75 NTR and Fas in neuronal cell death229
  • 8. Neuronal survival pathways231
  • 9. Conclusions234
  • 10. Abbreviations235
  • 11. Acknowledgements236
  • 12. References236
  • Chapter X. c-Jun, JNK and p38: Visualization of Neuronal Stress Responses253
  • 1. Introduction253
  • 2. Visualization of c-Jun/AP-1 proteins in the adult brain257
  • 3. The relation of AP-1 proteins and MAP kinases and their physiological functions261
  • 4. Pathological responses and AP-1 expression following intentional stimulation: the problem of link269
  • 5. The regulation of pathological-degenerative actions of the c-Jun/JNK-axis in the brain270
  • 6. p38 in the mammalian nervous system273
  • 7. Abbreviations278
  • 8. References278
  • Chapter XI. Elk-l: An Important Regulator of Immediate Early Gene Expression in the brain287
  • 1. Introduction287
  • 2. The transcription factor Elk-1288
  • 3. Expression of Elk-1 in the brain290
  • 4. Regulation of Elk-1 in the brain294
  • 5. Abbreviations303
  • 6. Acknowledgements303
  • 7. References303
  • Chapter XII. The Egr Transcription Factors and Their Utility in Mapping Brain Functioning309
  • 1. Structure of the Egr genes and proteins, and their DNA binding309
  • 2. Expression of the Egrs in cell culture and in the brain310
  • 3. Signal transduction pathways involved in Egr expression312
  • 4. Using Egr expressions to map activated neurons in the brain313
  • 5. Considerations when using Egr expression to locate activated neurons316
  • 6. Roles319
  • 7. Histological mapping and electrophysiological excitation321
  • 8. Abbreviations322
  • 9. References323
  • Chapter XIII. CREB, Plasticity and Memory329
  • 1. CREB and transcription329
  • 2. Plasticity and memory334
  • 3. Memory: the role of CREB334
  • 4. PKA, CREB and long-term potentiation343
  • 5. CREB and synaptic remodeling345
  • 6. Target genes of CREB347
  • 7. Conclusion350
  • 8. Abbreviations350
  • 9. Acknowledgements351
  • 10. References351
  • Subject Index363
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444508355
  • ISBN-13 9780080534466
  • Author Kaczmarek, L.; Robertson, H.A.
  • Category Medical
  • Subject Neuroscience

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That molecular neurobiology has become a dominant part of neuroscience research can be credited to the discovery of inducible gene expression in the brain and spinal cord. This volume deals with genes, whose expression patterns in the vertebrate central nervous system were the first to be revealed and then the most extensively investigated over the last 15 years. Immediate early genes (IEG) and their protein products, especially those acting as regulators of transcription (inducible transcription factors, ITF) have proven to be very valuable tools in functional neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, as they are rapidly and transiently induced in specific neurons in response to various modes of stimulation. Thus, they have been used to map neuronal populations selectively responsive to a variety of conditions, such as sensory and learning experience, electrical stimulation of specific circuits, seizures, and neurodegeneration.


This single volume, written by the most prominent authors in the field, brings together for the first time information about the most widely studied IEG/ITF in a whole variety of phenomena of neuronal activation. It starts with a critical appraisal of the technologies employed for the studies on gene, protein, and transcription factor activity in the nervous system. Several chapters present exhaustive examples of expression patterns of the ITF in "vocal" avian brain, mammalian brain sensory regions, areas involved in regulation of circadian rhythms, and the spinal cord. The next parts cover functional and regular aspects of individual IEG/ITF expression: c-fos in learning and memory, c-jun and others in neuropathology and neuronal stress responses, Elk-1, egr family, and CREB in neuronal plasticity and learning.

This volume will be useful as a major reference on this topic. Furthermore, it attempts to unravel the seemingly overwhelming complexity of the phenomena of gene expression in the central nervous system.