Inorganic Chemistry: An Industrial and Environmental Perspective
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexv
- Chapter 1. Importance of Inorganic Chemistry1
- 1.1 Historical Overview1
- 1.2 Occurrence and Uses of the Commonest Elements5
- Chapter 2. Chemical Energetics11
- 2.1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics11
- 2.2 Activities in Electrolyte Solutions12
- 2.3 Equilibrium and Energy14
- 2.4 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium18
- 2.5 Chemical Kinetics: Basic Principles23
- 2.6 Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity27
- 2.7 Electronegativity and Bond Energies29
- 2.8 Electronegativity and Chemical Properties32
- 2.9 Hard and Soft Acids and Bases34
- 2.10 Multiple Bonding and Its Chemical Consequences36
- 2.11 Explosives and Propellants37
- Chapter 3. Catenation Inorganic Macromolecules51
- 3.1 Factors Favoring Catenation51
- 3.2 Homocatenation of Carbon52
- 3.3 Boron Nitride58
- 3.4 Homocatenation of Sulfur59
- 3.5 Catenation of Silicon60
- 3.6 Phosphazenes63
- Chapter 4. Crystalline Solids69
- 4.1 Determination of Crystal Structure69
- 4.2 Bonding in Solids71
- 4.3 The Close Packing Concept74
- 4.4 Binary Ionic Solids: Common Structural Types79
- 4.5 Radius Ratio Rules83
- 4.6 Ionic Solids and Close Packing85
- 4.7 Energetics of Ionic Compounds88
- Chapter 5. The Defect Solid State95
- 5.1 Inevitability of Crystal Defects95
- 5.2 Main Types of Crystal Defects96
- 5.3 Impurity Defects and Semiconduction99
- 5.4 Nonstoichiometry100
- 5.5 Metal Oxides and Sulfides as Extrinsic Semiconductors102
- 5.6 Mechanism of Scaling of Metals103
- 5.7 Interstitial Compounds108
- Chapter 6. Inorganic Solids as Heterogeneous Catalysts115
- 6.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis115
- 6.2 Transition Metals as Catalysts119
- 6.3 Defect Oxides and Sulfides in Catalysis121
- 6.4 Catalysis by Stoichiometric Oxides123
- 6.5 Photocatalysis by Inorganic Solids124
- Chapter 7. Silicates. Aluminates. and Phosphates129
- 7.1 Silicate Structures129
- 7.2 Aluminosilicates133
- 7.3 Zeolites134
- 7.4 Clays140
- 7.5 Silica and Silicate Glasses142
- 7.6 Soluble Silicates and Aluminates145
- 7.7 Phosphates and Aluminophosphates147
- Chapter 8. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pollution153
- 8.1 Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Gases153
- 8.2 Carbon Monoxide159
- 8.3 Ozone160
- 8.4 Nitrogen Oxides164
- 8.5 Sulfur Dioxide and Trioxide168
- Chapter 9. Nitrogen. Phosphorus. and Potash in Agriculture179
- 9.1 Natural Sources of Fixed Nitrogen180
- 9.2 Direct Combination of Nitrogen and Oxygen181
- 9.3 Ammonia Synthesis181
- 9.4 Nitric Acid and Ammonium Nitrate183
- 9.5 Sulfates185
- 9.6 Phosphates185
- 9.7 Potash187
- Chapter 10. Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds191
- 10.1 Elemental Sulfur191
- 10.2 Sulfuric Acid193
- 10.3 Other Products from Elemental Sulfur195
- 10.4 Sulfur Chemicals in the Pulp and Paper Industry195
- Chapter 11. Alkalis and Related Products205
- 11.1 Lime Burning205
- 11.2 Cement and Concrete207
- 11.3 Soda Ash211
- 11.4 Caustic Soda: The Chloralkali Industry212
- Chapter 12. The Halogens221
- 12.1 The Chlorine Controversy221
- 12.2 Oxides and Oxoacids of Chlorine223
- 12.3 Fluorine and Fluorine Compounds226
- 12.4 Bromine and Iodine231
- Chapter 13. Ions in Solution237
- 13.1 Energetics of Solvation237
- 13.2 Metal Complexes241
- 13.3 Chelation244
- 13.4 Stability Constants249
- 13.5 Uses of Complexing Agents250
- 13.6 Hydrolysis of Aqueous Cations256
- Chapter 14. Water Conditioning263
- 14.1 Importance of Water Treatment263
- 14.2 Suspended and Colloidal Matter264
- 14.3 Origin and Effects of Dissolved Solids265
- 14.4 Treatment for Dissolved Solids268
- 14.5 Sewage Treatment277
- 14.6 Dissolved Gases278
- 14.7 Bacteria and Algae279
- Chapter 15. Oxidation and Reduction in Solution285
- 15.1 Galvanic Cells285
- 15.2 Manipulation and Use of Electrode Potentials290
- 15.3 Pourbaix (Eh–pH) Diagrams295
- 15.4 Kinetic Aspects of Electrochemistry: Overpotential301
- 15.5 Fuel Cells307
- 15.6 Electrochemical Energy Storage Cells315
- 15.7 Electrolysis, Electroplating, and Electroforming319
- Chapter 16. Corrosion of Metals327
- 16.1 Bimetallic Corrosion327
- 16.2 Single-Metal Corrosion331
- 16.3 Role of Oxide Films334
- 16.4 Crevice and Intergranular Corrosion336
- 16.5 Corrosion by Acids and with Complexing Agents339
- 16.6 Role of Overpotential in Corrosion342
- 16.7 Control of Corrosion347
- 16.8 Stainless Steels353
- Chapter 17. Extractive Metallurgy357
- 17.1 Gravity and Flotation Methods of Ore Concentration357
- 17.2 Hydrometallurgical Concentration and Separation358
- 17.3 Solvent Extraction and Ion-Exchange Separations361
- 17.4 Separations Utilizing Special Properties367
- 17.5 Electrolytic Reduction of Concentrate368
- 17.6 Chemical Reduction of Concentrate370
- 17.7 Pyrometallurgy of Oxides375
- 17.8 Pyrometallurgy of Halides and Sulfides382
- Chapter 18. Organometallics391
- 18.1 Alkyl Compounds of Some Main Group Metals392
- 18.2 Organotransition Metal Compounds395
- 18.3 Transition Metal Complexes as Homogeneous Catalysts399
- 18.4 Olefin Polymerization Catalysts403
- Chapter 19. Some Newer Solid-state Technologies411
- 19.1 Sol–Gel Science411
- 19.2 Materials for Electronics416
- 19.3 Magnetic Materials and Superconductors422
- Appendix A. Useful Constants431
- Appendix B. The Chemical Elements: Standard Atomic Masses433
- Appendix C. Chemical Thermodynamic Data437
- Appendix D. Standard Electrode Potentials for Aqueous Solutions451
- Appendix E. Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds457
- Appendix F. Ionic Radii459
- Index461
This book addresses the question, What is inorganic chemistry good for? rather than the more traditional question, How can we develop a theoretical basis for inorganic chemistry from sophisticated theories of bonding? The book prepares students of science or engineering for entry into the multi-billion-dollar inorganic chemical and related industries, and for rational approaches to environmental problems such as pollution abatement, corrosion control, and water treatment. A much expanded and updated revision of the 1990 text, Applied Inorganic Chemistry (University of Calgary Press), Inorganic Chemistry covers topics including atmospheric pollution and its abatement, water conditioning, fertilizers, cement chemistry, extractive metallurgy, metallic corrosion, catalysts, fuel cells and advanced batter technology, pulp and paper production, explosives, supercritical fluids, sol-gel science, materials for electronics, and superconductors. Though the book waswritten as a textbook for undergraduates with a background of freshman chemistry, it will also be a valuable sourcebook for practicing chemists, engineers, environmental scientists, geologists, and educators.
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Key Features
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