Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach
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Table of contents
- TABLE OF CONTENTSv
- PREFACExi
- 1: Overview1
- I. SCOPE OF INSECT ECOLOGY3
- II. ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY4
- A. Ecosystem Complexity6
- B. The Hierarchy of Subsystems6
- C. Regulation8
- III. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND DISTURBANCE9
- IV. ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO INSECT ECOLOGY11
- V. SCOPE OF THIS BOOK12
- SECTION I: ECOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL INSECTS15
- 2: Responses to Abiotic Conditions17
- I. THE PHYSICAL TEMPLATE18
- A. Biomes18
- B. Environmental Variation23
- C. Disturbances28
- II. SURVIVING VARIABLE ABIOTIC CONDITIONS32
- A. Thermoregulation34
- B. Water Balance38
- C. Air and Water Chemistry41
- D. Other Abiotic Factors43
- III. FACTORS AFFECTING DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR45
- A. Life History Strategy45
- B. Crowding45
- C. Nutritional Status46
- D. Habitat and Resource Conditions46
- E. Mechanism of Dispersal47
- IV. RESPONSES TO ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES49
- V. SUMMARY51
- 3: Resource Acquisition53
- I. RESOURCE QUALITY53
- A. Resource Requirements54
- B. Variation in Food Quality55
- C. Plant Chemical Defenses58
- D. Arthropod Defenses65
- E. Factors Affecting Expression of Defenses69
- F. Mechanisms for Exploiting Variable Resources74
- II. RESOURCE ACCEPTABILITY77
- III. RESOURCE AVAILABILITY80
- A. Foraging Strategies81
- B. Orientation83
- C. Learning88
- IV. SUMMARY92
- 4: Resource Allocation95
- I. RESOURCE BUDGET95
- II. ALLOCATION OF ASSIMILATED RESOURCES97
- A. Resource Acquisition97
- B. Mating Activity99
- C. Reproductive and Social Behavior104
- D. Competitive, Defensive, and Mutualistic Behavior108
- III. EFFICIENCY OF RESOURCE USE117
- A. Factors Affecting Efficiency117
- B. Tradeoffs119
- IV. SUMMARY121
- SECTION II: POPULATION ECOLOGY123
- 5: Population Systems125
- I. POPULATION STRUCTURE125
- A. Density125
- B. Dispersion126
- C. Metapopulation Structure129
- D. Age Structure130
- E. Sex Ratio132
- F. Genetic Composition132
- G. Social Insects136
- II. POPULATION PROCESSES137
- A. Natality137
- B. Mortality138
- C. Dispersal141
- III. LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS144
- IV. PARAMETER ESTIMATION146
- V. SUMMARY151
- 6: Population Dynamics153
- I. POPULATION FLUCTUATION154
- II. FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE157
- A. Density-Independent Factors158
- B. Density-Dependent Factors163
- C. Regulatory Mechanisms164
- III. MODELS OF POPULATION CHANGE168
- A. Exponential and Geometric Models168
- B. Logistic Model169
- C. Complex Models170
- D. Computerized Models171
- E. Model Evaluation174
- IV. SUMMARY176
- 7: Biogeography179
- I. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION180
- A. Global Patterns180
- B. Regional Patterns181
- C. Island Biogeography182
- D. Landscape and Stream Continuum Patterns183
- II. SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF POPULATIONS185
- A. Expanding Populations187
- B. Metapopulation Dynamics192
- III. ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON SPATIAL DYNAMICS195
- A. Fragmentation196
- B. Disturbances to Aquatic Ecosystems199
- C. Species Introductions200
- IV. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY201
- V. MODELS OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS204
- VI. SUMMARY208
- SECTION III: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY211
- 8: Species Interactions213
- I. CLASSES OF INTERACTIONS213
- A. Competition214
- B. Predation219
- C. Symbiosis224
- II. FACTORS AFFECTING INTERACTIONS237
- A. Abiotic Conditions237
- B. Resource Availability and Distribution238
- C. Indirect Effects of Other Species239
- III. CONSEQUENCES OF INTERACTIONS246
- A. Population Regulation246
- B. Community Regulation246
- IV. SUMMARY247
- 9: Community Structure251
- I. APPROACHES TO DESCRIBING COMMUNITIES252
- A. Species Diversity252
- B. Species Interactions261
- C. Functional Organization267
- II. PATTERNS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE269
- A. Global Patterns270
- B. Biome and Landscape Patterns271
- III. DETERMINANTS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE275
- A. Habitat Area and Complexity275
- B. Habitat Stability277
- C. Resource Availability277
- D. Species Interactions278
- IV. SUMMARY281
- 10: Community Dynamics283
- I. SHORT-TERM CHANGE IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE284
- II. SUCCESSIONAL CHANGE IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE286
- A. Patterns of Succession288
- B. Factors Affecting Succession294
- C. Models of Succession298
- III. PALEOECOLOGY302
- IV. DIVERSITY VERSUS STABILITY305
- A. Components of Stability307
- B. Stability of Community Variables308
- V. SUMMARY311
- SECTION IV: ECOSYSTEM LEVEL313
- 11: Ecosystem Structure and Function315
- I. ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE316
- A. Trophic Structure317
- B. Spatial Variability319
- II. ENERGY FLOW319
- A. Primary Productivity320
- B. Secondary Productivity323
- C. Energy Budgets324
- III. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING326
- A. Abiotic and Biotic Pools327
- B. Major Cycles328
- C. Factors Influencing Cycling Processes333
- IV. CLIMATE MODIFICATION336
- V. ECOSYSTEM MODELING340
- VI. SUMMARY344
- 12: Herbivory347
- I. TYPES AND PATTERNS OF HERBIVORY348
- A. Herbivore Functional Groups348
- B. Measurement of Herbivory348
- C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Herbivory352
- II. EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY358
- A. Plant Productivity, Survival, and Growth Form360
- B. Community Dynamics367
- C. Water and Nutrient Fluxes373
- D. Effects on Climate and Disturbance Regime379
- III. SUMMARY381
- 13: Pollination, Seed Predation, and Seed Dispersal383
- I. TYPES AND PATTERNS OF POLLINATION384
- A. Pollinator Functional Groups384
- B. Measurement of Pollination387
- C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Pollination388
- II. EFFECTS OF POLLINATION390
- III. TYPES AND PATTERNS OF SEED PREDATION AND DISPERSAL394
- A. Seed Predator and Disperser Functional Groups394
- B. Measurement of Seed Predation and Dispersal395
- C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Seed Predation and Dispersal400
- IV. EFFECTS OF SEED PREDATION AND DISPERSAL401
- V. SUMMARY403
- 14: Decomposition and Pedogenesis405
- I. TYPES AND PATTERNS OF DETRITIVORY AND BURROWING406
- A. Detritivore and Burrower Functional Groups406
- B. Measurement of Detritivory, Burrowing, and Decomposition Rates408
- C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Processing of Detritus and Soil411
- II. EFFECTS OF DETRITIVORY AND BURROWING416
- A. Decomposition and Mineralization416
- B. Soil Structure, Fertility, and Infiltration425
- C. Primary Production and Vegetation Dynamics430
- III. SUMMARY433
- 15: Insects as Regulators of Ecosystem Processes437
- I. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT438
- II. ECOSYSTEMS AS CYBERNETIC SYSTEMS442
- A. Properties of Cybernetic Systems442
- B. Ecosystem Homeostasis443
- C. Definition of Stability445
- D. Regulation of Net Primary Productivity by Biodiversity448
- E. Regulation of Net Primary Productivity by Insects454
- III. SUMMARY459
- SECTION V: SYNTHESIS463
- 16: Synthesis465
- I. SUMMARY466
- II. SYNTHESIS467
- III. APPLICATIONS469
- A. Management of Crop, Forest, and Urban PestsŽ470
- B. Conservation/Restoration Ecology474
- C. Indicators of Environmental Conditions475
- D. Ecosystem Engineering476
- IV. CRITICAL ISSUES476
- V. CONCLUSIONS482
- BIBLIOGRAPHY483
- Indices537
- AUTHOR INDEX537
- TAXONOMIC INDEX545
- SUBJECT INDEX551
- EXTENDED PERMISSIONS LIST569
Dr. Timothy Schowalter has succeeded in creating a unique, updated treatment of insect ecology. This revised and expanded text looks at how insects adapt to environmental conditions while maintaining the ability to substantially alter their environment. It covers a range of topics- from individual insects that respond to local changes in the environment and affect resource distribution, to entire insect communities that have the capacity to modify ecosystem conditions.
Insect Ecology, Second Edition, synthesizes the latest research in the field and has been produced in full color throughout. It is ideal for students in both entomology and ecology-focused programs.
NEW TO THIS EDITION:
* New topics such as elemental defense by plants, chaotic models, molecular methods to measure disperson, food web relationships, and more
* Expanded sections on plant defenses, insect learning, evolutionary tradeoffs, conservation biology and more
* Includes more than 350 new references
* More than 40 new full-color figures
Insect Ecology, Second Edition, synthesizes the latest research in the field and has been produced in full color throughout. It is ideal for students in both entomology and ecology-focused programs.
NEW TO THIS EDITION:
* New topics such as elemental defense by plants, chaotic models, molecular methods to measure disperson, food web relationships, and more
* Expanded sections on plant defenses, insect learning, evolutionary tradeoffs, conservation biology and more
* Includes more than 350 new references
* More than 40 new full-color figures