Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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Table of contents
- Covercover
- Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imagingiii
- Copyrightpageiv
- Contentsv
- Prefaceix
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSxiii
- Chapter 1: Basics of diffusion measurement1
- 1.1 NMR SPECTROSCOPYANDMRI CAN DETECT SIGNALS FROM WATER MOLECULES1
- 1.2 WHAT IS DIFFUSION?3
- 1.3 HOW TO MEASURE DIFFUSION?4
- Chapter 2: Anatomy of diffusion measurement13
- 2.1 A SET OF UNIPOLAR GRADIENTS AND SPIN-ECHO SEQUENCE IS MOST WIDELY USED FOR DIFFUSION WEIGHTING13
- 2.2 THERE ARE FOUR PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF SIGNAL LOSS13
- 2.3 THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS OF ACHIEVING A DIFFERENT DEGREE OF DIFFUSION WEIGHTING17
- Chapter 3: Mathematics of diffusion measurement19
- 3.1 WE NEED TO CALCULATE DISTRIBUTION OF SIGNAL PHASES BY MOLECULAR MOTION19
- 3.2 SIMPLE EXPONENTIAL DECAY DESCRIBES SIGNAL LOSS BY DIFFUSION WEIGHTING27
- 3.3 DIFFUSION CONSTANT CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE AMOUNT OF SIGNAL LOSS BUT NOT FROM THE SIGNAL INTENS27
- 3.4 FROM TWO MEASUREMENTS, WE CAN OBTAIN A DIFFUSION CONSTANT30
- 3.5 IF THERE ARE MORE THAN TWO MEASUREMENT POINTS, LINEAR LEAST-SQUARE FITTING IS USED31
- Chapter 4: Principle of diffusion tensor imaging33
- 4.1 NMR/MRI CAN MEASURE DIFFUSION CONSTANTS ALONG AN ARBITRARY AXIS33
- 4.2 DIFFUSION SOMETIMES HAS DIRECTIONALITY33
- 4.3 SIX PARAMETERS ARE NEEDED TO UNIQUELY DEFINE AN ELLIPSOID35
- 4.4 DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING CHARACTERIZES THE DIFFUSION ELLIPSOID FROM MULTIPLE DIFFUSION CONSTANT37
- 4.5 WATER MOLECULES PROBE MICROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT39
- 4.6 HUMAN BRAIN WHITE MATTER HAS HIGH DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY40
- Chapter 5: Mathematics of diffusion tensor imaging41
- 5.1 OUR TASK IS TO DETERMINE THE SIX PARAMETERS OF A DIFFUSION ELLIPSOID41
- 5.2 WE CAN OBTAIN THE SIX PARAMETERS FROM SEVEN DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS43
- 5.3 DETERMINATION OF THE TENSOR ELEMENTS FROM A FITTING PROCESS45
- Chapter 6: Practical aspects of diffusion tensor imaging49
- 6.1 TWO TYPES OF MOTION ARTIFACTS: GHOSTING AND COREGISTRATION ERROR49
- 6.2 WE USE ECHO-PLANAR IMAGING TO PERFORM DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING51
- 6.3 THE AMOUNT OF DIFFUSION-WEIGHTING IS CONSTRAINED BY THE ECHO TIME53
- 6.4 THERE ARE VARIOUS k-SPACE SAMPLING SCHEMES53
- 6.5 PARALLEL IMAGING IS GOOD NEWS FOR DTI57
- 6.6 IMAGE DISTORTION BY EDDY CURRENT NEEDS SPECIAL ATTENTION60
- 6.7 DTI RESULTS MAY DIFFER IF SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND SNR ARE NOT THE SAME61
- 6.8 SELECTION OF b-MATRIX63
- Chapter 7: New image contrasts from diffusion tensor imaging: theory, meaning, and usefulness of DTI69
- 7.1 TWO SCALAR MAPS (ANISOTROPY AND DIFFUSION CONSTANT MAPS) AND FIBER ORIENTATION MAPS ARE IMPORTAN69
- 7.2 SCALAR MAPS (ANISOTROPY AND DIFFUSION CONSTANT MAPS) AND FIBER ORIENTATION MAPS ARE TWO IMPORTAN70
- 7.3 THERE ARE TUBULAR AND PLANAR TYPES OF ANISOTROPY72
- 7.4 DTI HAS SEVERAL DISADVANTAGES75
- 7.5 THERE ARE MULTIPLE SOURCES THAT DECREASE ANISOTROPY76
- 7.6 ANISOTROPY MAY PROVIDE UNIQUE INFORMATION79
- 7.7 COLOR-CODEDMAPS ARE A POWERFUL VISUALIZATION METHOD TO REVEAL WHITE MATTER ANATOMY83
- Chapter 8: Limitations and improvement of diffusion tensor imaging85
- 8.1 TENSORMODEL OVERSIMPLIFIES THE UNDERLYING ANATOMY85
- 8.2 THERE ARE MORE SOPHISTICATED NON-TENSORŽ-BASED DATA PROCESSING METHODS, WHICH REQUIRE DIFFE87
- 8.3 NON-TENSOR MODELS USUALLY REQUIRE HIGH VALUES90
- Chapter 9: Three-dimensional tract reconstruction93
- 9.1 THREE-DIMENSIONALTRAJECTORIES CAN BE RECONSTRUCTED FROM DTI DATA93
- 9.2 THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES93
- 9.3 THERE ARE THREE STEPS IN THE TRACT PROPAGATION MODELS94
- 9.4 SIMPLE STREAMLINE TRACKING CAN BE USED TO RECONSTRUCT A TRACT95
- 9.5 THERE ARE MANY LIMITATIONS TO SIMPLE TRACT PROPAGATION METHODS99
- 9.6 SEVERAL APPROACHES ARE PROPOSED TO TACKLE THE LIMITATIONS100
- 9.7 TRACT EDITING USESMULTIPLE REGIONS OF INTEREST106
- 9.8 BRUTE-FORCE APPROACH IS AN EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE FOR COMPREHENSIVE TRACT RECONSTRUCTION110
- 9.9 ACCURACY AND PRECISION ARE IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED110
- 9.10 REPRODUCIBILITY OF TRACTOGRAPHY IS MEASURABLE113
- 9.11 TRACTOGRAPHY REVEALS MACROSCOPIC WHITE MATTER ANATOMY114
- 9.12 THERE ARE ROUGHLY THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM TRACTOGRAPHY115
- 9.13 HOWCAN WEVALIDATE TRACTOGRAPHY?117
- 9.14 HOW SHOULD WE USE A TOOL WITH UNKNOWN ACCURACY?119
- 9.15 QUANTIFICATION IS A KEY TO MANY TYPES OF TRACTOGRAPHY-BASED STUDIES120
- 9.16 THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBLE REASONS THAT LEAD TO SMALLER (OR LARGER) RECONSTRUCTION RESULTS121
- Chapter 10: Quantification approaches125
- 10.1 IMPROVEMENT OF CONVENTIONAL QUANTIFICATION APPROACHES125
- 10.2 QUANTIFICATION OF ANISOTROPY AND TRACT SIZES BY DTI130
- Chapter 11: Application studies149
- 11.1 BACKGROUND OF APPLICATION STUDIES OF DTI149
- 11.2 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION STUDIES150
- References and Suggested Readings163
- PREFACE163
- CHAPTER 3164
- CHAPTER 4164
- CHAPTER 5165
- CHAPTER 6165
- CHAPTER 7166
- CHAPTER 8168
- CHAPTER 9168
- CHAPTER 10170
- CHAPTER 11171
- Subject Index175
The concept of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is often difficult to grasp, even for Magnetic Resonance physicists. Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging uses extensive illustrations (not equations) to help readers to understand how DTI works. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of DTI images, the design of DTI experiments, and the forms of application studies. The theory of DTI is constantly evolving and so there is a need for a textbook that explains how the technique works in a way that is easy to understand - Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging fills this gap.
* Uses extensive illustrations to explain the concept of Diffusion Tensor Imaging
* Easy to understand, even without a background in physics
* Includes sections on image interpretation, experimental design and applications
* Uses extensive illustrations to explain the concept of Diffusion Tensor Imaging
* Easy to understand, even without a background in physics
* Includes sections on image interpretation, experimental design and applications