Introduction to Micrometeorology
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Preface to Second Editionxii
- Preface to First Editionxiii
- Symbolsxvii
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology1
- 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology5
- 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology6
- Problems and Exercises9
- Chapter 2. Energy Budget Near the Surface11
- 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface11
- 2.2 Energy Balance Equations12
- 2.3 Energy Budgets of Bare Surfaces19
- 2.4 Energy Budgets of Canopies20
- 2.5 Energy Budgets of Water Surfaces25
- 2.6 Applications25
- Problems and Exercises26
- Chapter 3. Radiation Balance Near the Surface28
- 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions28
- 3.2 Shortwave Radiation32
- 3.3 Longwave Radiation36
- 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface38
- 3.5 Observations of Radiation Balance39
- 3.6 Radiative Flux Divergence41
- 3.7 Applications43
- Problems and Exercises44
- Chapter 4. Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer46
- 4.1 Surface Temperature46
- 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures47
- 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils48
- 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer51
- 4.5 Thermal Wave Propagation in Soils52
- 4.6 Measurement and Parameterization of Ground Heat Flux56
- 4.7 Applications60
- Problems and Exercises60
- Chapter 5. Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL62
- 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity62
- 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and the Energy Equation63
- 5.3 Local and Nonlocal Concepts of Static Stability71
- 5.4 Mixed Layers, Mixing Layers and Inversions77
- 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles78
- 5.6 Diurnal Variations82
- 5.7 Applications85
- Problems and Exercises86
- Chapter 6. Wind Distribution in the PBL89
- 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution89
- 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds90
- 6.3 Friction Effects on the Balance of Forces95
- 6.4 Stability Effects on the PBL Winds99
- 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles101
- 6.6 Diurnal Variations107
- 6.7 Applications109
- Problems and Exercises110
- Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows113
- 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows113
- 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows116
- 7.3 Navier–Stokes Equations of Motion117
- 7.4 Laminar Plane-Parallel Flows119
- 7.5 Laminar Ekman Layers124
- 7.6 Developing Laminar Boundary Layers132
- 7.7 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flows136
- 7.8 Applications139
- Problems and Exercises139
- Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Turbulence142
- 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence142
- 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence146
- 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence147
- 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables149
- 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes152
- 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion155
- 8.7 Fundamental Concepts, Hypotheses, and Theories156
- 8.8 Applications160
- Problems and Exercises161
- Chapter 9. Models and Theories of Turbulence163
- 9.1 Mathematical Models of Turbulent Flows163
- 9.2 Gradient-transport Theories171
- 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories177
- 9.4 Applications185
- Problems and Exercises185
- Chapter 10. Near-neutral Boundary Layers188
- 10.1 Velocity-profile Laws188
- 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters197
- 10.3 Surface Drag and Resistance Laws203
- 10.4 Turbulence208
- 10.5 Applications211
- Problems and Exercises211
- Chapter 11. Thermally Stratified Surface Layer213
- 11.1 The Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory213
- 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions217
- 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles223
- 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Relations224
- 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes226
- 11.6 Applications239
- Problems and Exercises239
- Chapter 12. Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces242
- 12.1 The Process of Evaporation242
- 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration243
- 12.3 Modified Monin–Obukhov Similarity Relations245
- 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation248
- 12.5 Applications264
- Problems and Exercises264
- Chapter 13. Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers266
- 13.1 Types of Atmospheric Boundary Layers266
- 13.2 Similarity Theories of the PBL270
- 13.3 Mathematical Models of the PBL277
- 13.4 Parameterization of the PBL310
- 13.5 Applications317
- Problems and Exercises317
- Chapter 14. Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers321
- 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities321
- 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness322
- 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature328
- 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces334
- 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas336
- 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects346
- 14.7 Other Topographical Effects353
- 14.8 Applications362
- Problems and Exercises362
- Chapter 15. Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology365
- 15.1 Flux-profile Relations above Plant Canopies365
- 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies370
- 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies375
- 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields378
- 15.5 Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies381
- 15.6 Applications388
- Problems and Exercises389
- References391
- Index405
This book is intended as a textbook for courses in micrometeorology for undergraduate students (juniors or seniors) in meteorology or environmental science, as well as for an introductory graduate-level course in boundary-layer meteorology. It will also serve as a good reference for professional meteorologists, environmental scientists and engineers, particularly those interested in problems of air pollution, atmospheric-biospheric interactions, wind-engineering and engineering meteorology.
The book outlines basic laws and concepts, before using qualitative descriptions to introduce more complex theories. This new edition is updated and expanded, as are the references. Each chapter features worked-through problems and exercises.
The book outlines basic laws and concepts, before using qualitative descriptions to introduce more complex theories. This new edition is updated and expanded, as are the references. Each chapter features worked-through problems and exercises.