Elsevier S & T

Ion Exchange Membranes: Fundamentals and Applications

Tanaka, Yoshinobu

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Table of contents

Cover
Contentsix
Prefacev
Part I: Fundamentals1
Chapter 1. Preparation of Ion Exchange Membranes3
1.1. Invention of an Ion Exchange Membrane3
1.2. Sandwich Method3
1.3. Latex Method5
1.4. Block Polymerization7
1.5. Paste Method10
1.6. Irradiation Graft Polymerization11
1.7. Heterogeneous Membrane14
References15
Chapter 2. Membrane Property Measurements17
2.1. Sampling and Pretreatmemt of Membranes17
2.2. Electric Resistance18
2.3. Ion Exchange Capacity and Water Content19
2.4. Transport Number20
2.5. Solute Permeability Coefficient23
2.6. Electro Osmotic Coefficient25
2.7. Water Permeation Coefficient26
2.8. Swelling Ratio28
2.9. Mechanical Strength28
2.10. Electrodialysis33
References36
Chapter 3. Membrane Characteristics and Transport Phenomena37
3.1. Permselectivity between Ions Having Different Charged Sign37
3.2. Permselectivity between Ions Having the Same Charged Sign42
3.3. Electric Conductivity43
3.4. Membrane Potential44
3.5. Concentration Diffusion47
3.6. Mechanism to Decrease Divalent Ion Permeability48
3.7. Research on Membranes Treatment to Decrease Divalent Ion Permeability54
References56
Chapter 4. Theory of Teorell, Meyer and Sievers (TMS Theory)59
4.1. Membrane Potential59
4.2. Diffusion Coefficient62
4.3. Electric Conductivity64
4.4. Transport Number65
References66
Chapter 5. Irreversible Thermodynamics67
5.1. Phenomenological Equation and Phenomenological Coefficient67
5.2. Reflection Coefficient73
5.3. Electrodialysis Phenomena74
5.4. Separation of Salt and Water by Electrodialysis77
References79
Chapter 6. Overall Mass Transport81
6.1. Overall Membrane Pair Characteristics and Mass Transport Across a Membrane Pair81
6.2. The Overall Mass Transport Equation and The Phenomenological Equation85
6.3. Reflection Coefficient σ, Hydraulic Conductivity Lp and Solute Permeability ω87
6.4. Pressure Reflection Coefficient and Concentration Reflection Coefficient:Electric Current Switc89
6.5. Irreversible Thermodynamic Membrane Pair Characteristics93
References95
Chapter 7. Concentration Polarization97
7.1. Current–Voltage Relationship97
7.2. Concentration Polarization Potential100
7.3. Chronopotentiometry101
7.4. Refractive Index103
7.5. Natural Convection106
7.6. Fluctuation109
7.7. Overlimiting Current111
7.8. Mass Transport in a Boundary Layer116
7.9. Concentration Polarization on a Concentrating Surface of an Ion Exchange Membrane134
References137
Chapter 8. Water Dissociation139
8.1. Current–pH Relationship139
8.2. Diffusional Model141
8.3. Repulsion Zone142
8.4. Membrane Surface Potential143
8.5. Wien Effect144
8.6. Protonation and Deprotonation Reactions147
8.7. Hydrolysis of Magnesium Ions149
8.8. Experimental Research on the Water Dissociation150
8.9. Water Dissociation Arising in Seawater Electrodialysis169
8.10. Mechanism of Water Dissociation173
References185
Chapter 9. Current Density Distribution187
9.1. Current Density Distribution in an Electrodialyzer187
9.2. Current Density Distribution Around an Insulator and Electric Current Shadowing192
References202
Chapter 10. Hydrodynamics205
10.1. Solution Flow and I–V Curves205
10.2. Effect of a Spacer on Solution Flow (Theoretical)205
10.3. Effect of a Spacer on Solution Flow (Experimental)215
10.4. Local Flow Distribution in a Flow Channel223
10.5. Effect of Solution Flow on Limiting Current Density and Static Head Loss in a Channel227
10.6. Air Bubble Cleaning228
10.7. Friction Factor of a Spacer and Solution Distribution to Each Desalting Cell230
10.8. Pressure Distribution in a Duct in an Electrodialyzer236
References244
Chapter 11. Limiting Current Density245
11.1. Concentration Polarization, Water Dissociation and Limiting Current Density245
11.2. Diffusion Layer and Boundary Layer245
11.3. Limiting Current Density Equation Introduced from the Nernst–Planck Equation247
11.4. Dependence of Limiting Current Density on Electrolyte Concentration and Solution Velocity of a248
11.5. Limiting Current Density Analysis Based on the Mass Transport in a Desalting Cell250
11.6. Solution Velocity Distribution Between Desalting Cells in a Stack260
11.7. Limiting Current Density of an Electrodialyzer263
References269
Chapter 12. Leakage271
12.1. Electric Current Leakage271
12.2. Solution Leakage278
References283
Chapter 13. Energy Consumption285
13.1. Energy Requirements in an Electrodialysis System285
13.2. Energy Consumption in a Stack285
References291
Chapter 14. Membrane Deterioration293
14.1. Membrane Property Change with Elapsed Time293
14.2. Surface Fouling300
14.3. Organic Fouling308
References316
Part II: Applications319
Chapter 1. Electrodialysis321
1.1. Overview of Technology321
1.2. Electrodialyzer321
1.3. Electrodialysis Process327
1.4. Energy Consumption and Optimum Current Density340
1.5. Surrounding Technology340
1.6. Practice343
References379
Chapter 2. Electrodialysis Reversal383
2.1. Overview of Technology383
2.2. Spacer385
2.3. Water Recovery389
2.4. Prevention of Scale Formation391
2.5. Anti-Organic Fouling392
2.6. Colloidal Deposit Formation on the Membrane Surface and Its Removal393
2.7. Nitrate and Nitrite Removal394
2.8. Practice395
References403
Chapter 3. Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis405
3.1. Overview of Technology405
3.2. Preparation of Bipolar Membranes409
3.3. Performance of a Bipolar Membrane415
3.4. Practice428
References434
Chapter 4. Electro-Deionization437
4.1. Overview of Technology437
4.2. Mass Transfer in the EDI System439
4.3. Structure of the EDI Unit and Energy Consumption445
4.4. Water Dissociation in an EDI Process446
4.5. Removal of Weakly-Ionized Species in an EDI Process448
4.6. Practice452
References459
Chapter 5. Electrolysis461
5.1. Overview of Technology461
5.2. Ion Exchange Membrane463
5.3. Material Flow and Electrode Reaction in an Electrolysis System469
5.4. Electrolyzer and it’s Performance473
5.5. Purification of Salt Water in an Electrolysis Process479
References484
Chapter 6. Diffusion Dialysis487
6.1. Overview of Technology487
6.2. Transport Phenomena in Diffusion Dialysis487
6.3. Diffusion Dialyzer and its Operation489
6.4. Practice491
References494
Chapter 7. Donnan Dialysis495
7.1. Overview of Technology495
7.2. Mass Transport in Donnan Dialysis496
7.3. Practice498
References503
Chapter 8. Energy Conversion505
8.1. Dialysis Battery505
8.2. Redox Flow Battery508
8.3. Fuel Cell514
References522
Index525

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780444519825
ISBN-13 9780080548647
Author Tanaka, Yoshinobu
Category Technology & Engineering
Subject Materials Science

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Fundamental study and industrial application of ion exchange membranes started over half a century ago. Through the ongoing research and development, the ion exchange membrane technology is now applied to many fields and contributes to the improvement of our standard of living. Ion Exchange Membranes states the ion exchange membrane technology from the standpoint of fundamentals and applications. Discussing not only various phenomena exhibited by the membranes but also their applications in many fields with economical evaluations.

* This volume looks at the latest developments in ion exchange membrane technology
* Provides a full and wide explanation of ion exchange membranes
* Easy-to-understand layout, including many figures and tables

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