Elsevier S & T

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Singh, Jagdish P.; Thakur, Surya Narayan

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Table of Contentsv
  • Prefacexiii
  • Contributorsxvii
  • Acronymsxxi
  • PART I BASIC PHYSICS AND INSTRUMENTATION1
  • Chapter 1. Fundamentals of LIBS3
  • 1. Introduction3
  • 2. Lasers for LIBS4
  • 2.1. Mode Properties of Lasers5
  • 2.2. Spatial Intensity Distribution and Focusing of Laser Beam6
  • 2.3. Time Behavior of Laser Pulses7
  • 2.4. Measurement of Laser Power and Energy8
  • 2.5. Varieties of Lasers9
  • 3. Laser Induced Plasmas10
  • 3.1. Laser Induced Breakdown in Gases10
  • 3.2. Plasma Production from Solid Targets12
  • 3.3. Radiation from Laser Induced Plasmas14
  • 4. Progress in Detection of LIBS15
  • 4.1. CCD and ICCD Detectors16
  • 4.2. The Spectrograph-Detector Combination17
  • 5. Applications of LIBS18
  • References19
  • Chapter 2. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy23
  • 1. Introduction23
  • 2. Measurement of Spectral Lines24
  • 3. Electronic Structure of Atoms25
  • 3.1. Hydrogenic Atoms26
  • 3.2. Many Electron Atoms26
  • 3.3. Classification of Electronic States28
  • 4. Radiation From Atoms29
  • 4.1. Electric Dipole Selection Rules30
  • 4.2. Parity Selection Rules32
  • 4.3. Forbidden Transitions32
  • 4.4. Line Strength33
  • 4.5. Oscillator Strength33
  • 4.6. Intensities of Spectral Lines35
  • 4.7. Continuous Emission & Bremsstrahlung36
  • 5. Broadening of Spectral Lines37
  • 5.1. Stark Broadening38
  • 5.2. Theory of Stark Effect38
  • 6. Applications41
  • 6.1. Determination of Electron Temperature41
  • 6.2. Determination of the Electron Density44
  • 6.3. Qualitative Emission Analysis45
  • 6.4. Quantitative Emission Analysis47
  • References48
  • Chapter 3. Laser Ablation49
  • 1. Introduction49
  • 2. Fundamental Ablation Processes50
  • 2.1. Plasma Ignition Processes52
  • 2.2. Plasma Expansion Processes58
  • 2.3. Plasma Emission Spectra60
  • 2.4. Electron Density and Plasma Temperature62
  • 3. Particle Formation Processes65
  • 3.1. Particle Ejection65
  • 3.2. Nanoparticle Formation66
  • 4. Laser Ablation Parameters66
  • 4.1. Nanosecond Pulsed Lasers67
  • 5. Picosecond Pulsed Lasers73
  • 6. Femtosecond Pulsed Lasers75
  • 7. Perspectives, Future and Trends78
  • References79
  • Chapter 4. Physics of Plasma in LIBS83
  • 1. Introduction83
  • 2. Basics of Laser-Matter Interaction84
  • 3. Processes in Laser Produced Plasma85
  • 4. Spectral Emission from Plasma86
  • 4.1. Continuum Emission87
  • 4.2. Line Emission87
  • 4.3. Temporal and Spatial Resolution of Emission87
  • 5. Theoretical Models For Plasma88
  • 5.1. Corona Model88
  • 5.2. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model89
  • 5.3. Collisional Radiative Model89
  • 6. Measurement of Plasma Parameters90
  • 6.1. Line Broadening91
  • 6.2. Electron Density92
  • 6.3. Plasma Temperature93
  • 6.4. Optical Thickness and Self-absorption94
  • 7. Characteristics of LIBS Plasma94
  • 8. Factors Affecting the LIBS Plasma96
  • 8.1. Laser Characteristics96
  • 8.2. Wavelength and Pulse Duration of Laser98
  • 8.3. Properties of Target Material100
  • 8.4. Time Window of Observation100
  • 8.5. Geometric Set-up102
  • 8.6. Ambient Gas104
  • 9. Methods of Enhancing LIBS Sensitivity106
  • 10. Conclusion107
  • References108
  • Chapter 5. Instrumentation for LIBS113
  • 1. Introduction113
  • 2. Typical LIBS Set-up114
  • 3. LIBS Instrumentation116
  • 3.1. Echelle Spectrometer118
  • 3.2. Specialty of Echelle Spectrometer119
  • 4. Fiber Optic LIBS121
  • 4.1. Fiber Optic LIBS Probe121
  • 4.2. Transmission Property of Optical Fiber123
  • 5. Portable LIBS Devices123
  • 6. Sensitive LIBS Techniques125
  • 7. Variety of LIBS Instrumentation127
  • 7.1. Environmental Monitoring127
  • 7.2. LIBS in Space Research128
  • 7.3. LIBS in Industry129
  • 8. LIBS Experiments & Analytical Performance129
  • 9. Conclusion131
  • References131
  • PART II NEW LIBS TECHNIQUES135
  • Chapter 6. Dual-Pulse LIBS137
  • 1. Introduction137
  • 2. Dual-Pulse LIBS138
  • 3. Dual-Pulse LIBS Applications140
  • 4. Dual-Pulse LIBS Mechanistic Studies143
  • 5. Future Directions147
  • References148
  • Chapter 7. Femtosecond LIBS151
  • 1. Chapter Organization151
  • 2. Introduction151
  • 3. Plasma Produced by Ultra-Short Laser Pulses153
  • 3.1. Basic Processes during Laser Ablation154
  • 3.2. Material Removal and Plasma Expansion155
  • 3.3. Influence of the Pulse duration on the Plasma Properties158
  • 4. Spectrochemical Analysis by Ultra-Short Laser-Induced Plasma164
  • 5. Non-Gated Analysis by Ultra-Short Laser Pulses166
  • 6. Conclusions168
  • References169
  • Chapter 8. Micro-LIBS173
  • 1. Introduction173
  • 2. Microjoule Laser Sources175
  • 2.1. Microchip Lasers175
  • 2.2. Microjoule Fiber Lasers177
  • 3. Scaling LIBS to Microjoule Energies178
  • 3.1. Plasma Emission and Lifetime179
  • 3.2. Crater Size – Lateral and Depth Resolution181
  • 3.3. Limits of Detection184
  • 3.4. Signal Linearity with Concentration186
  • 4. Applications186
  • 4.1. Microanalysis of Small Volumes187
  • 4.2. Scanning Microanalysis of Material Surfaces188
  • 4.3. Liquid Samples193
  • 5. Conclusions193
  • References194
  • Part III LIBS APPLICATIONS197
  • Chapter 9. LIBS Application to Off-Gas Measurement199
  • 1. Introduction199
  • 2. Experimental Setup200
  • 3. Calibration201
  • 4. Applications206
  • 4.1. Analysis of Air-Sampling Filters with LIBS206
  • 4.2. Continuous Emission Monitor209
  • 4.3. Process Control213
  • 4.4. Filter Efficiency214
  • 4.5. Combustion Diagnostic216
  • 4.6. Rocket Engine Health Monitor216
  • 5. Conclusion220
  • References220
  • Chapter 10. LIBS of Liquid Samples223
  • 1. Introduction223
  • 2. LIBS of Liquid Samples224
  • 2.1. Elemental Analysis in Liquids224
  • 2.2. LIBS of Molten Metal226
  • 3. Instrumentation for Liquid Samples227
  • 3.1. Experimental Setup for Surface Excitation227
  • 3.2. Experimental Set up for Bulk/Molten Liquid228
  • 3.3. Liquid Configuration for Plasma Formation229
  • 3.4. Optimization of Experimental Parameters230
  • 4. Enhancement in the Sensitivity of LIBS232
  • 4.1. Effects of a Magnetic Field on Plasma232
  • 4.2. Effects of Double Laser Pulse Excitation on LIBS Signal241
  • 5. Conclusion252
  • References252
  • Chapter 11. LIBS of Solid and Molten Material255
  • 1. Introduction255
  • 2. FO LIBS Sensor for Determination of Elemental Composition of Solid Aluminum Alloys256
  • 2.1. Parametric Studies257
  • 2.2. Effect of Angle of Incidence on LIBS Signal261
  • 2.3. Calibration Curve262
  • 2.4. Effect of Sample-Lens Distance and Focal Length269
  • 3. LIBS Spectra of Molten Aluminum Alloy in a Laboratory Furnace271
  • 3.1. Effect of the Surrounding Atmosphere on LIBS Signal273
  • 3.2. Calibration Curves for Molten Aluminum Alloy275
  • 3.3. Comparison of LIBS Spectra of Molten and Solid Alloy Samples277
  • 4. FO-LIBS Probe for Aluminum Alloy in Industrial Pilot Furnace280
  • 4.1. Testing the Long Stainless Steel Probe282
  • 4.2. LIBS Measurements inside the Industrial Pilot Furnace282
  • 5. Conclusions284
  • References284
  • Chapter 12. LIBS Technique for Powder Materials287
  • 1. Introduction287
  • 2. LIBS Technique for Powder Materials288
  • 2.1. Preparation of the Pellets of the Powder Samples289
  • 2.2. Apparatus291
  • 2.3. Position of the Focal Spot292
  • 2.4. Delay Time293
  • 2.5. Sample Rotating Speed293
  • 3. Application to Pharmaceutical Industry294
  • 3.1. Introduction294
  • 3.2. Analysis of Organic Materials295
  • 3.3. Experimental Approaches297
  • 3.4. Main Applications299
  • 4. Prospects: LIBS as a Process Analytical Technology304
  • 5. Application to Glass Industry304
  • References310
  • Chapter 13. LIBS for the Analysis of Chemical and Biological Hazards313
  • 1. Introduction313
  • 2. Application to Chemical Hazard Analysis314
  • 3. Application to Bio-Aerosol & Bio-Agent Detection315
  • 3.1. Deposited or Pelletized Samples316
  • 3.2. Airborne samples320
  • 4. Conclusion323
  • References323
  • Chapter 14. Life Science Applications of LIBS325
  • 1. Introduction325
  • 2. Bone & Tooth Analysis326
  • 3. Hair & Nail Analysis329
  • 4. Blood Analysis330
  • 5. Urine Stones Analysis331
  • 6. Tissue Analysis332
  • 7. Conclusions337
  • References338
  • Chapter 15. Measurement of Carbon for Carbon Sequestration and Site Monitoring341
  • 1. Introduction341
  • 2. LIBS Measurements in Soil342
  • 3. Carbon-Nitrogen Analysis by Sample Combustion344
  • 4. Acid Washing of Soils to Remove Inorganic Carbon344
  • 5. Field Measurements349
  • 6. Conclusions349
  • References350
  • Chapter 16. Remote Analysis by LIBS: Application to Space Exploration353
  • 1. Introduction353
  • 2. Conventional Stand-off LIBS354
  • 2.1. Apparatus355
  • 2.2. Results356
  • 3. Stand-off LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses358
  • 3.1. Femtosecond Laser Pulses and LIBS358
  • 3.2. Remote Sensing using fs Pulse Produced Filamentation359
  • 3.3. Teramobile361
  • 3.4. Remote LIBS using fs Pulses361
  • 4. Stand-off LIBS for Space Exploration362
  • 4.1. Spectroscopic Methods of Planetary Analysis363
  • 4.2. Prior Elemental Analysis Methods used on Landers/Rovers363
  • 4.3. Advantages365
  • 4.4. LIBS Characteristics for Stand-off Analysis368
  • 4.5. Capabilities372
  • 4.6. Instrumentation376
  • References378
  • Chapter 17. LIBS for Aerosol Analysis381
  • 1. Introduction381
  • 2. Fundamentals of Aerosol Analysis381
  • 3. Laser Induced Breakdown of Gases383
  • 4. Analysis of Aerosol Particles by LIBS386
  • 4.1. Spectral Ensemble-Averaging387
  • 4.2. Statistical Aerosol Sampling with LIBS393
  • 4.3. Conditional Analysis for Spectral Processing396
  • 4.4. Analysis of Individual Aerosol Particles402
  • 5. Alternative Methodologies for Aerosol Analysis404
  • 6. Applications of LIBS-Based Aerosol Analysis405
  • 7. Future Directions410
  • References413
  • Chapter 18. Scope of Future Development in LIBS419
  • 1. Introduction419
  • 2. Gas Phase LIBS419
  • 3. Liquid Phase LIBS420
  • 4. Solid Phase LIBS420
  • 5. LIBS of Molten Samples421
  • 6. Theoretical Models of Laser Induced Plasma421
  • 7. Commercialization of LIBS422
  • 8. Future Applications422
  • References424
  • Subject Index427
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444517340
  • ISBN-13 9780080551012
  • Author Singh, Jagdish P.; Thakur, Surya Narayan
  • Category Science
  • Subject Spectroscopy & Spectrum Analysis

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Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is basically an emission spectroscopy technique where atoms and ions are primarily formed in their excited states as a result of interaction between a tightly focused laser beam and the material sample. The interaction between matter and high-density photons generates a plasma plume, which evolves with time and may eventually acquire thermodynamic equilibrium. One of the important features of this technique is that it does not require any sample preparation, unlike conventional spectroscopic analytical techniques. Samples in the form of solids, liquids, gels, gases, plasmas and biological materials (like teeth, leaf or blood) can be studied with almost equal ease. LIBS has rapidly developed into a major analytical technology with the capability of detecting all chemical elements in a sample, of real- time response, and of close-contact or stand-off analysis of targets. The present book has been written by active specialists in this field, it includes the basic principles, the latest developments in instrumentation and the applications of LIBS . It will be useful to analytical chemists and spectroscopists as an important source of information and also to graduate students and researchers engaged in the fields of combustion, environmental science, and planetary and space exploration.

* Recent research work
* Possible future applications
* LIBS Principles