Light Scattering by Particles in Water: Theoretical and Experimental Foundations: Theoretical and Experimental Foundations
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Table of contents
- Table of Contentsv
- Prefacevii
- Chapter 1 Basic principles of the interaction of light with matter1
- 1.1. Introduction1
- 1.2. The quantum field model1
- 1.3. Basic quantum electrodynamics2
- 1.4. Incoherent scattering8
- 1.5. Coherent scattering11
- 1.6. Basic scattering formalism20
- 1.7. The diffraction approximation27
- 1.8. Conclusion31
- 1.9. Problems32
- Chapter 2 Optical properties of pure water, seawater, and natural waters33
- 2.1. Introduction33
- 2.2. Physical properties and the intermolecular potential34
- 2.3. Radiative properties and the intramolecular potential36
- 2.4. The intrinsic scattering of pure water49
- 2.5. Measurements of the absorption of pure water60
- 2.6. Analysis of the infrared and visible absorption spectrum71
- 2.7. Analysis of the UV absorption spectrum77
- 2.8. Organic substances dissolved in the water column: Gelbstoff82
- 2.9. An important special case: chlorophyll83
- 2.10. Problems85
- Chapter 3 General features of scattering of light by particles in water87
- 3.1. Introduction87
- 3.2. An inventory of solutions88
- 3.3. Basic structures in scattering102
- 3.4. Oceanic phase function approximations130
- 3.5. Basic experimental comparison138
- 3.6. Conclusions142
- 3.7. Problems142
- Chapter 4 Measurements of light scattering by particles in water145
- 4.1. Introduction145
- 4.2. Scattering function146
- 4.3. Polarized light scattering: the scattering matrix191
- 4.4. Light scattering data for natural waters208
- 4.5. Approximations of the volume scattering function244
- 4.6. Problems264
- Chapter 5 The particle size distribution267
- 5.1. Introduction267
- 5.2. The particle size definitions and the particle shape269
- 5.3. Definition and units271
- 5.4. An optimum particle size grid274
- 5.5. Transforming the size distribution278
- 5.6. Uncertainty of the PSD measurements291
- 5.7. Methods of PSD measurements301
- 5.8. Aquatic PSD data376
- 5.9. Problems444
- Chapter 6 Refractive indices and morphologies of aquatic particles447
- 6.1. The refractive index: introductory remarks447
- 6.2. Refractive index of water and seawater451
- 6.3. Refractive indices of particles462
- 6.4. Morphologies of aquatic particles508
- 6.5. Problems557
- Appendix559
- Bibliography611
- List of major symbols and abbreviations683
- Index691
Light scattering-based methods are used to characterize small particles suspended in water in a wide range of disciplines ranging from oceanography, through medicine, to industry. The scope and accuracy of these methods steadily increases with the progress in light scattering research. This book focuses on the theoretical and experimental foundations of the study and modeling of light scattering by particles in water and critically evaluates the key constraints of light scattering models. It begins with a brief review of the relevant theoretical fundamentals of the interaction of light with condensed matter, followed by an extended discussion of the basic optical properties of pure water and seawater and the physical principles that explain them. The book continues with a discussion of key optical features of the pure water/seawater and the most common components of natural waters. In order to clarify and put in focus some of the basic physical principles and most important features of the experimental data on light scattering by particles in water, the authors employ simple models. The book concludes with extensive critical reviews of the experimental constraints of light scattering models: results of measurements of light scattering and of the key properties of the particles: size distribution, refractive index (composition), structure, and shape. These reviews guide the reader through literature scattered among more than 210 scientific journals and periodicals which represent a wide range of disciplines. A special emphasis is put on the methods of measuring both light scattering and the relevant properties of the particles, because principles of these methods may affect interpretation and applicability of the results. The book includes extensive guides to literature on light scattering data and instrumentation design, as well as on the data for size distributions, refractive indices, and shapes typical of particles in natural waters. It also features a comprehensive index, numerous cross-references, and a reference list with over 1370 entries.
An errata sheet for this work can be found at: http://www.tpdsci.com/Ref/Jonasz_M_2007_LightScatE.php
*Extensive reference section provides handy compilations of knowledge on the designs of light scattering meters, sources of experimental data, and more
*Worked exercises and examples throughout