Magnetic Cell Separation
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Prefacexi
- Chapter 1: Magnetic susceptibility1
- 1.1. Mass and volume magnetic susceptibilities3
- 1.2. Molar magnetic susceptibility4
- 1.3. Magnetic susceptibilities in CGS and SI systems of units5
- 1.4. Bulk magnetic susceptibility of a mixture7
- 1.5. Volume magnetic susceptibility and Bohr magneton9
- 1.6. Multiphase magnetic suspensions14
- 1.7. Magnetic phase separation16
- 1.7.1. Stationary fluid16
- 1.7.2. Laminar flow22
- References26
- Chapter 2: Magnetic formulary29
- 2.1. Langevin theory of paramagnetism29
- 2.2. Paramagnetic substances: lanthanide solutions32
- 2.3. Paramagnetic substances: hemoglobin and its derivatives33
- 2.4. Superparamagnetic particles and ferrofluids35
- 2.5. Ferromagnetism and magnetic properties of iron38
- 2.6. Diamagnetism45
- 2.7. Magnetic field vectors46
- 2.8. Magnetic field magnitude47
- 2.9. Magnetic field sources48
- 2.10. Field gradients49
- 2.11. Magnetic field lines51
- 2.12. Magnetic field in matter53
- References57
- Chapter 3: Maxwell stress and magnetic force63
- 3.1. Introduction63
- 3.2. Magnetic force density and the body force64
- 3.3. Magnetic force acting on a small, magnetically susceptible particle (diamagnetic and paramagnet66
- 3.4. Magnetic force on a small particle acting as a permanent magnetic dipole (ferromagnetic materia68
- 3.5. Potential energy of an elementary magnetic dipole68
- 3.6. Magnetic field-induced particle motion70
- 3.7. Magnetic pathlines71
- 3.8. Cell deposition contour surfaces76
- References78
- Chapter 4: Basic magnetic field configurations81
- 4.1. Introduction81
- 4.2. Infinite cylinder81
- 4.3. Sphere and a stack of spheres86
- 4.4. Interpolar gap88
- 4.5. Isodynamic field95
- 4.6. Quadrupole field98
- 4.7. Other magnet configurations101
- References102
- Chapter 5: Magnetophoresis105
- 5.1. Magnetophoretic mobility105
- 5.1.1. Cross-section for magnetic capture114
- References116
- Chapter 6: Synthesis and characterization of nano- and micron-sized iron oxide and iron particles fo119
- 6.1. Introduction120
- 6.2. Maghemite nanoparticles of narrow size distribution123
- 6.2.1. Synthesis and characterization123
- 6.2.2. Surface modification127
- 6.2.3. Biomedical applications130
- 6.2.4. MRI contrast agents132
- 6.2.5. X-ray contrast agents134
- 6.3. Air-stable iron nanocrystalline particles135
- 6.3.1. Conclusions145
- 6.4. Solid and hollow maghemite/polystyrene and silica/maghemite/polystyrene micron-sized composite146
- 6.4.1. Synthesis and characterization of solid and hollow microspheres146
- 6.4.2. Synthesis of immunomagnetic microspheres for specific removal of ASA and sperm cells151
- 6.5. Magnetic/nonmagnetic polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) hemispherical composite micron-sized154
- Summary156
- References157
- Chapter 7: The biocompatibility and toxicity of magnetic particles163
- 7.1. Introduction163
- 7.2. Definition of toxicity and biocompatibility165
- 7.2.1. Biomaterials classifications167
- 7.3. Particle characteristics that influence toxicity168
- 7.3.1. Particle size168
- 7.3.2. Particle surface properties171
- 7.3.3. Promotion of oxidative processes176
- 7.3.4. Leachables178
- 7.4. Testing for particle toxicity and biocompatibility178
- 7.4.1. Toxicity testing in vitro, in vivo and in silico179
- 7.4.2. In vitro biocompatibility and toxicity testing procedures181
- 7.4.3. In vivo biocompatibility and toxicity testing procedures192
- 7.5. Immunogenicity of biological targeting reagents197
- 7.5.1. Immune response system elements198
- 7.5.2. Types of hypersensitivity reactions199
- 7.6. Legal standards for toxicity testing203
- 7.6.1. Efforts to develop risk-based safety evaluations for nanomaterials in the United States205
- 7.6.2. Efforts to develop risk-based safety evaluations for nanomaterials in Europe209
- 7.6.3. Efforts to develop risk-based safety evaluations for nanomaterials in Japan210
- 7.7. Conclusions212
- References214
- Chapter 8: Analytical magnetic techniques in biology225
- 8.1. Introduction225
- 8.2. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility225
- 8.3. Measurements of magnetophoretic mobility: cell-tracking velocimetry (CTV)226
- 8.4. Simultaneous measurements of sedimentation rate and magnetophoretic mobility233
- 8.5. Magnetophoretic mobility and antibody binding capacity (ABC)235
- 8.6. Antibody-magnetic nanoparticle binding to cells238
- 8.7. Effect of antibody labeling concentration (antibody titration) on magnetophoretic mobility243
- References246
- Chapter 9: Preparative applications of magnetic separation in biology and medicine249
- 9.1. Introduction249
- 9.1.1. Types of methodologies used in magnetic cell separation249
- 9.1.2. Types of entities targeted for magnetic cell separation250
- 9.1.3. Measures of performance250
- 9.2. Examples of positive selection251
- 9.3. Depletion of undesirable cells251
- 9.4. Enrichment of rare cells by depletion of normal cells255
- References260
- Chapter 10: Commercial magnetic cell separation instruments and reagents265
- 10.1. Invitrogen DYNAL Magnetic Particle Concentrator268
- 10.2. R&D Systems Immunicon MagCellect TM Ferrofluid271
- 10.3. Miltenyi Biotec GmbH273
- 10.4. StemCell Technologies, Inc.279
- 10.4.1. Positive cell selection281
- 10.4.2. Negative selection283
- 10.5. Immunicon Corporation284
- 10.6. BD Biosciences287
- References290
- Chapter 11: Worked examples of cell sample preparation and magnetic separation procedures293
- 11.1. Dynalreg T Cell Negative Isolation Kit293
- 11.1.1. Principle of isolation293
- 11.1.2. Description of materials294
- 11.1.3. Protocols295
- 11.2. Dynal CD34 Progenitor Cell Selection System297
- 11.2.1. Principle of isolation298
- 11.2.2. Description of materials298
- 11.2.3. Protocols300
- 11.3. Miltenyi Biotec MACSreg T Cell Isolation Kit II (human)303
- 11.3.1. Principle of MACSreg separation303
- 11.3.2. Background and product applications304
- 11.3.3. Reagent and instrument requirements305
- 11.3.4. Protocols306
- 11.4. Miltenyi Biotec Direct CD34 Progenitor Cell Isolation Kit308
- 11.4.1. Research applications of CD34 progenitor cells309
- 11.4.2. Isolation strategy309
- 11.4.3. Components309
- 11.4.4. Equipment required310
- 11.4.5. Protocols310
- 11.5. MACS Progenitor Cell Kit performance evaluation316
- 11.5.1. Materials and methods316
- 11.5.2. Results320
- 11.6. Post-separation analyses in other magnetic separation systems323
- 11.6.1. Progenitor cell purity analysis by flow cytometry323
- 11.6.2. Progenitor cell yield (recovery) and nonprogenitor cells retention frequency analysis by cel325
- 11.6.3. Progenitor cell morphology analysis by cytospin and microscope325
- 11.6.4. Progenitor cell function analysis by cell colony forming unit (CFU) assay326
- 11.7. Companies and brand names mentioned in Chapters 11 and 12328
- References330
- Chapter 12: New challenges and opportunities331
- 12.1. Introduction331
- 12.2. Magnetophoresis and magnetic capture of malaria-infected erythrocytes332
- 12.3. Magnetic flow cell sorting345
- 12.3.1. Continuous cell sorting in the quadrupole field346
- 12.3.2. Predicted sorter output based on cell magnetophoresis351
- 12.3.3. Calculation of cell recovery and purity of QMS separation352
- 12.3.4. Determination of the flow rate parameters for high resolving power and throughput separation354
- 12.3.5. The cell model system355
- 12.3.6. Analysis of cell fluorescence intensity distribution by FCM356
- 12.3.7. Analysis of the cell magnetophoretic mobility distribution by CTV356
- 12.3.8. Comparison of magnetic and fluorescent cell fractions358
- 12.3.9. Flow rate optimization358
- 12.3.10. Sorted cell assay by both FCM and CTV360
- 12.3.11. Experimental verification of the predicted decrease of CD34+ cell recovery with the increas362
- 12.3.12. CD34- cell nonspecific crossover decreases with the increasing Q(a)/Q362
- 12.3.13. CD34+ cell purity increases with the increasing Q(a)/Q364
- 12.3.14. Mean CD34+ cell fluorescence intensity increases with the increasing Q(a)/Q364
- 12.4. Magnetic field-flow fractionation365
- 12.4.1. Field-flow fractionation367
- 12.4.2. Separation in parallel plate channels370
- 12.4.3. Separation in cylindrical and annular channels372
- 12.4.4. Earlier implementations of magnetic FFF374
- 12.4.5. Interaction of particles with fields378
- 12.4.6. Force on particles in a magnetic field379
- 12.4.7. Theory for retention in quadrupole MgFFF381
- References398
- Appendix A: Nomenclature, abbreviations, units, and conversion factors413
- A.1. Nomenclature413
- A.2. Abbreviations417
- A.3. Selected units and conversion factors.420
- Appendix B: Vector notation421
- References426
- Appendix C: Magnetic body force and the Maxwell stresses427
- C.1. Magnetic body force and the Maxwell stresses427
- C.2. Maxwell stress on a sphere428
- C.3. Magnetic force on a particle in the limit of small particle size436
- C.4. Elastic body, discrete surface magnetization440
- References442
- Appendix D: Volume magnetic susceptibilities of selected substances443
- References444
- Index445
Cell separation is at the core of current methods in experimental biology and medicine. Its importance is illustrated by the large number of physical and biochemical principles that have been evaluated for application to cell separation. The development of cell separation methods is driven by the needs of biological and medical research, and the ever-increasing demands for sensitivity, selectivity, yield, timeliness and economy of the process. The interdisciplinary nature of research in this area and the volume of information available in research publications and conferences necessitates a basic description of the fundamental processes involved in magnetic cell separation that may help the user in navigating this wealth of information available online and in scientific publications. This book will appeal to researchers in many areas utilizing this technique, including those working in cell biology, clinical research, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, materials science, physics and electrical engineering.
* Provides examples of how to calculate the volume magnetic susceptibility, a fundamental quantity for calculating the magnetic force acting on a cell, from various types of magnetic susceptibilities available in literature
* Introduces the elements of magnetostatics as they apply to cell magnetization and the magnetization of magnetic micro- and nano- particles used for cell separation
* Describes the parameters used to determine cell magnetophoresis
* Provides examples of how to calculate the volume magnetic susceptibility, a fundamental quantity for calculating the magnetic force acting on a cell, from various types of magnetic susceptibilities available in literature
* Introduces the elements of magnetostatics as they apply to cell magnetization and the magnetization of magnetic micro- and nano- particles used for cell separation
* Describes the parameters used to determine cell magnetophoresis