Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Applications
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Forewordxi
- Acknowledgementsxiii
- Introduction1
- References7
- Chapter 1. Basic Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance9
- 1.1. The Phenomenon of NMR9
- 1.2. Motion of Magnetic Moments12
- 1.3. The Bloch Equations15
- 1.4. Basic NMR Experiment17
- 1.5. T*2 Decay19
- 1.6. Spin Echoes21
- 1.7. Signal Attenuation Due to Diffusion24
- References26
- Chapter 2. Excitation of the Transverse Magnetization29
- 2.1. Dynamics of Repeatedly Excited Magnetization29
- 2.2. Ernst Angle34
- 2.3. Spatially Selective Excitation35
- References39
- Chapter 3. Basic Techniques for 2D and 3D MRI41
- 3.1. Image Reconstruction from Discrete Samples41
- 3.2. Frequency and Phase Encoding44
- 3.3. Basic Gradient and Spin-echo Pulse Sequences49
- 3.4. K-space53
- References56
- Chapter 4. Contrast in MR Imaging57
- 4.1. Main Contrast Mechanisms in 1H MRI58
- 4.2. Contrast Agents64
- 4.3. Magnetization Transfer Contrast67
- 4.4. Diffusion-Weighted Images71
- References73
- Chapter 5. Signal-to-Noise Ratio in MRI77
- 5.1. Noise Variance in MR Images77
- 5.2. SNR in 2D and 3D MRI80
- 5.3. SNR Field Dependence83
- References85
- Chapter 6. Image Artifacts87
- 6.1. Artifacts Due to Magnetic Field Nonuniformity87
- 6.2. Chemical Shift Artifacts90
- 6.3. Artifacts Due to Motion and Flow95
- 6.4. MRI Techniques for Motion Artifact Reduction100
- References107
- Chapter 7. Rapid MR Imaging111
- 7.1. Rapid Gradient-Echo Imaging111
- 7.2. Echo-Planar Imaging116
- 7.3. Fast Spin-Echo Imaging120
- 7.4. Spiral Imaging125
- 7.5. Partial k-Space Acquisition128
- References133
- Chapter 8. MR Imaging of Flow135
- 8.1. Time-of-Flight Techniques135
- 8.2. Phase-contrast MRA143
- 8.3. Contrast-enhanced MRI of Flow146
- References147
- Chapter 9. MRI Instrumentation: Magnets, Gradient Coils, and Radiofrequency Coils151
- 9.1. Magnets151
- 9.2. Gradient Coils161
- 9.3. Radiofrequency Coils164
- References171
- Appendix173
- A. Phase-sensitive Detection173
- B. Image Display175
- Index177
This book is intended as a text/reference for students, researchers, and professors interested in physical and biomedical applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Both the theoretical and practical aspects of MRI are emphasized. The book begins with a comprehensive discussion of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) phenomenon based on quantum mechanics and the classical theory of electromagnetism. The first three chapters of this book provide the foundation needed to understand the basic characteristics of MR images, e.g.,image contrast, spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, common image artifacts. Then MRI applications are considered in the following five chapters. Both the theoretical and practical aspects of MRI are emphasized. The book ends with a discussion of instrumentation and the principles of signal detection in MRI.
Key Features
* Clear progression from fundamental physical principles of NMR to MRI and its applications
* Extensive discussion of image acquisition and reconstruction of MRI
* Discussion of different mechanisms of MR image contrast
* Mathematical derivation of the signal-to-noise dependence on basic MR imaging parameters as well as field strength
* In-depth consideration of artifacts in MR images
* Comprehensive discussion of several techniques used for rapid MR imaging including rapid gradient-echo imaging, echo-planar imaging, fast spin-echo imaging and spiral imaging
* Qualitative discussion combined with mathematical description of MR techniques for imaging flow
Key Features
* Clear progression from fundamental physical principles of NMR to MRI and its applications
* Extensive discussion of image acquisition and reconstruction of MRI
* Discussion of different mechanisms of MR image contrast
* Mathematical derivation of the signal-to-noise dependence on basic MR imaging parameters as well as field strength
* In-depth consideration of artifacts in MR images
* Comprehensive discussion of several techniques used for rapid MR imaging including rapid gradient-echo imaging, echo-planar imaging, fast spin-echo imaging and spiral imaging
* Qualitative discussion combined with mathematical description of MR techniques for imaging flow