Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem
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Table of contents
- Dedicationv
- Contentsvii
- Contributorsxiii
- Series Introductionxv
- Prefacexvii
- Acknowledgementsxix
- Abbreviationsxxi
- 1 Introduction1
- General background1
- József Marek (1868–1952) and the identification of the disease2
- Houghton Poultry Research Station and the isolation of the causative agent of Marek's disease4
- The place of Marek's disease and Marek's disease virus in the biological sciences6
- Acknowledgements7
- References7
- 2 Marek's disease: long and difficult beginnings8
- Introduction8
- Early days8
- Terminology and classification9
- Evidence for the separation of Marek's disease from lymphoid leukoses10
- Clinical and pathological studies of field cases10
- Transmission studies11
- Lymphoid leukosis11
- Marek’s disease11
- Experimental studies comparing Marek's disease with lymphoid leukosis12
- Identifying the Marek's disease virus12
- Identification of Marek's disease herpesvirus13
- Circumstantial evidence13
- Definitive evidence14
- Summary15
- References15
- 3 The genome content of Marek's disease-like viruses17
- Introduction17
- Gene content and transcription of the Mardiviruses18
- Transcription and gene expression during MDV latency25
- Manipulation of the MDV genome: new strategy using bacterial artificial chromosomes27
- Summary29
- Acknowledgements29
- References29
- 4 Marek's disease virus oncogenicity: molecular mechanisms32
- Introduction32
- Meq, a Jun/Fos family member, as a putative oncogene for MDV33
- The structure and function of Meq34
- Structure34
- Transactivation34
- Dimerization in vitro and in vivo35
- DNA and chromosomal binding35
- Interactions with cellular factors36
- Meq as a transcriptional regulator37
- Meq as a transforming protein38
- Meq as a major oncoprotein in MDV oncogenesis39
- Meq mutations in proline-rich domains correlate with virulence40
- Meq's potential roles in MDV replication and latency41
- Summary and implications of Meq as an oncogene for MDV42
- Other genes associated with pathogenicity43
- BamHI-H family of transcripts44
- MDV phosphoprotein 38 (pp38) complex44
- MDV-encoded CXC chemokine, vIL-844
- MDV-encoded telomerase RNA45
- MDV ICP4 homologue-related transcripts46
- Summary46
- References47
- 5 Marek's disease: a worldwide problem49
- Introduction49
- Diagnostic investigation of MD problems51
- Economic impact53
- Causes of outbreaks54
- MD in species other than chickens60
- Problems associated with contamination of MD vaccines60
- Summary60
- References61
- 6 Marek's disease virus: biology and life cycle62
- Introduction62
- Natural infection with MDV65
- Early cytolytic phase66
- Latency69
- Late cytolytic phase71
- Fully productive infection in the feather-follicle epithelium71
- Transformation72
- Conclusions75
- Acknowledgements76
- References76
- 7 Pathological responses to infection78
- Introduction78
- Virus–cell relationships in Marek's disease79
- Pathogenesis and pathology of Marek's disease79
- Primary infection79
- Acute cytolytic infection of lymphoid tissue81
- Viraemia and haematology82
- Infection of feather-follicle epithelium83
- Infection of other parenchymatous tissues84
- Peripheral neuropathy84
- Central nervous system88
- Lymphomatosis89
- Atherosclerosis91
- Ocular changes92
- Factors affecting lesion type92
- Virus strain92
- Host93
- Marek's disease in other species94
- Turkeys94
- Japanese quail95
- Pheasants95
- Conclusions95
- References96
- 8 Marek's disease lymphomas98
- Introduction98
- Histopathology99
- Peripheral nerves99
- Skin99
- Visceral and skeletal muscle lymphomas99
- Lymphoma cell phenotypes100
- MATSAs100
- MDV-transformed cells101
- Phenotypes of MD lymphoma cells101
- MDV genome102
- The cellular environment102
- The identity of the neoplastically transformed cells in MD lymphomas103
- Anti-lymphoma immunity105
- MD lymphoma regression105
- Anti-MD lymphoma immunity106
- Transplantable tumours106
- Tumour antigens in MD107
- Model for MD lymphomagenesis108
- Summary109
- Acknowledgements110
- References110
- 9 Genetic resistance to Marek's disease112
- Introduction112
- MHC associated resistance113
- Structure and function of the MHC114
- Mechanism of MHC-determined resistance to MD117
- Non-MHC associated resistance118
- Differences in viral replication between lines 6 and 7118
- Phenotypic comparisons119
- Investigation of candidate genes120
- Genomic mapping approaches120
- Conclusions122
- Acknowledgements123
- References123
- 10 Immunity to Marek's disease126
- Introduction126
- MDV entry via the lungs127
- Role of macrophages128
- Role of natural killer cells129
- Acquired immune responses to MDV131
- Role of antibodies131
- Role of cell-mediated immune responses132
- Cytokine responses during the cytolytic phase134
- The role of cytokines in the induction and maintenance of latency135
- Cytokine production by tumour cells135
- Role of the MDV-encoded CXC chemokine136
- Immunity to MDV induced by vaccination137
- Conclusions139
- References139
- 11 Marek's disease immunosuppression142
- Introduction142
- Mechanisms of MD-induced immunosuppression143
- Immunosuppression caused by loss of lymphocytes143
- Immunosuppression caused by changes in the regulation of immune responses146
- Nitric oxide, a dual role146
- Cytokines147
- Down-regulation of lymphocyte surface molecules and other immuno-evasive mechanisms147
- Immunosuppression caused by tumour cells148
- Confounding factors in MDV-induced immunosuppression149
- Chicken infectious anaemia virus149
- Infectious bursal disease virus150
- Reticuloendotheliosis virus150
- Reovirus infection150
- Consequences of immunosuppression151
- Summary152
- References152
- 12 Diagnosis of Marek's disease156
- Introduction156
- Diagnosis of MD under field conditions157
- Laboratory diagnosis of MD159
- Collection of infectious material for in vitro studies159
- Virus isolation and identification160
- Detection and characterization of MDV antigens and antibodies161
- Identification of MDV DNA162
- Differentiation of MDV serotypes, strains and isolates163
- Summary165
- References165
- 13 Vaccination against Marek's disease168
- History of Marek's disease vaccine168
- Importance of vaccination170
- Licensing, manufacturing and administering current MD vaccines171
- In ovo vaccination172
- Vaccination problems and solutions174
- Attenuation of MDV and its effect on protection176
- Recombinant vaccines179
- Summary182
- References182
- 14 Future strategies for controlling Marek's disease186
- Introduction186
- Current MD situation and vaccination strategies187
- Future risk of increasing the incidence of MD188
- Current tools for MD control189
- Vaccination189
- Genetics190
- Biosecurity191
- Developing new strategies for control191
- Vaccine development191
- Development of transgenic chickens193
- What research is needed for the rational development of new strategies of control?194
- Summary196
- Acknowledgements198
- References198
- 15 Conclusions200
- References204
- Appendix: Key references205
- Index207
- A207
- B207
- C207
- D208
- E208
- F208
- G208
- H208
- I208
- J209
- K209
- L209
- M209
- N211
- O211
- P211
- Q211
- R211
- S211
- T211
- V212
Marek’s disease is a form of cancer of poultry caused by an important herpesvirus (MDV). It continues to be a threat to poultry health and welfare and worldwide losses are estimated to be US$ 1 billion annually. This book provides a timely review of the problems of Marek's disease with descriptions of the complex viral life cycle, how MDV targets different types of white blood cells, and details of the virus structure, its genes and proteins.
* The multiplicity of factors contributing to susceptibility is explored in detail
* Vaccination - the problems arising from current vaccination strategies and how these can be improved and made sustainable in future
* The lessons learned in the control of MD over the past 30 years, and how we can use MD as a model for other animal and human diseases is discussed
* The multiplicity of factors contributing to susceptibility is explored in detail
* Vaccination - the problems arising from current vaccination strategies and how these can be improved and made sustainable in future
* The lessons learned in the control of MD over the past 30 years, and how we can use MD as a model for other animal and human diseases is discussed