Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines: Volume 1 Buckling and Collapse
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Prefacexi
- Chapter 1 Introduction1
- 1.1 Offshore Pipeline Design Considerations6
- 1.2 Buckling and Collapse of Structures8
- 1.3 Buckle Propagation in Offshore Pipelines12
- Chapter 2 Offshore Facilities and Pipeline Installation Methods15
- 2.1 Offshore Platforms and Related Production Systems16
- 2.1.1 Fixed Platforms16
- 2.1.2 Floating and Tethered Platforms22
- 2.2 Offshore Pipeline Installation Methods34
- 2.2.1 S-Lay34
- 2.2.2 J-Lay38
- 2.2.3 Reeling43
- 2.2.4 Towing48
- 2.3 The Mardi Gras Project52
- Chapter 3 Pipe and Tube Manufacturing Processes59
- 3.1 Steelmaking for Line Pipe60
- 3.1.1 Strengthening of Steel60
- 3.2 Plate Production63
- 3.2.1 Steelmaking64
- 3.2.2 Vertical Continuous Casting of Slabs64
- 3.2.3 Plate Rolling65
- 3.3 Seamless Pipe70
- 3.3.1 Continuous Casting of Round Billets70
- 3.3.2 Plug Mill72
- 3.3.3 Mandrel Mill74
- 3.3.4 Pilger Mill76
- 3.4 Electric Resistance Welded Pipe78
- 3.5 Spiral Weld Pipe80
- 3.6 UOE Pipe Manufacture81
- 3.7 JCO Forming86
- Chapter 4 Buckling and Collapse Under External Pressure89
- 4.1 Elastic Buckling89
- 4.1.1 Imperfect Pipe92
- 4.2 Plastic Buckling94
- 4.2.1 Lateral Pressure96
- 4.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure97
- 4.2.3 Pressure with Zero Axial Strain97
- 4.3 Nonlinear Formulation99
- 4.3.1 Kinematics100
- 4.3.2 Constitutive Behavior100
- 4.3.3 Principle of Virtual Work101
- 4.3.4 Examples102
- 4.4 Factors Affecting Pipe Collapse104
- 4.4.1 Collapse Pressure Experiments104
- 4.4.2 Prediction of Collapse Pressures106
- 4.4.3 Effect of Initial Ovality108
- 4.4.4 Type of Pressure Loading111
- 4.4.5 Wall Thickness Variations112
- 4.4.6 Effect of Material Stress–Strain Response114
- 4.4.7 Residual Stresses115
- 4.4.8 Anisotropic Yielding115
- 4.4.9 An Approximate Estimate of Collapse Pressure117
- 4.5 Representative Seamless Pipe Imperfections118
- 4.5.1 Imperfection Scanning System118
- 4.5.2 Data Reduction119
- 4.5.3 Four Examples121
- 4.6 Conclusions and Design Recommendations128
- Chapter 5 Collapse of UOE Pipe Under External Pressure131
- 5.1 Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipe131
- 5.2 Prediction of Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipe136
- 5.3 Improvement of Compressive Properties by Heat Treatment of the Pipe137
- 5.4 One-Dimensional Model of UOE Pipe Forming140
- 5.5 Two-Dimensional Models of UOE/UOC144
- 5.5.1 UOE/UOC Forming Steps144
- 5.5.2 Numerical Simulation147
- 5.5.3 An Example of UOE Forming148
- 5.5.4 Parametric Study-Optimization of UOE/UOC155
- 5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations161
- Chapter 6 Collapse of Dented Pipes Under External Pressure164
- 6.1 Dent Characteristics164
- 6.2 Denting and Collapse Experiments165
- 6.2.1 Indention165
- 6.2.2 Collapse Experiments168
- 6.3 Modeling of Denting and Collapse170
- 6.3.1 Prediction of Collapse Pressure of Dented Tubes171
- 6.4 Universal Collapse Resistance Curves for Dented Pipes175
- 6.4.1 Localization of Collapse Under External Pressure175
- 6.4.2 The Universal Collapse Resistance Curve177
- 6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations180
- Chapter 7 Buckling and Collapse Under Combined External Pressure and Tension181
- 7.1 Elastic Buckling183
- 7.2 Plastic Buckling185
- 7.3 Nonlinear Formulation186
- 7.3.1 Examples187
- 7.4 Collapse Under External Pressure and Tension188
- 7.4.1 Experimental Results and Numerical Predictions190
- 7.5 Additional Parametric Study192
- 7.6 Conclusions and Recommendations194
- Chapter 8 Inelastic Response, Buckling and Collapse Under Pure Bending196
- 8.1 Features of Inelastic Bending196
- 8.2 Bending Experiments198
- 8.3 Formulation208
- 8.3.1 Kinematics209
- 8.3.2 Constitutive Behavior210
- 8.3.3 Principle of Virtual Work210
- 8.3.4 Bifurcation Buckling Under Pure Bending211
- 8.4 Predictions214
- 8.5 Parametric Study219
- 8.6 Summary and Recommendations223
- Chapter 9 Buckling and Collapse Under Combined Bending and External Pressure225
- 9.1 Features of Inelastic Bending of Tubes Under External Pressure225
- 9.2 Combined Bending-External Pressure Experiments226
- 9.2.1 Test Facilities227
- 9.2.2 Experimental Results229
- 9.3 Formulation233
- 9.3.1 Principle of Virtual Work234
- 9.3.2 Bifurcation Buckling Under Combined Bending and External Pressure235
- 9.4 Predictions235
- 9.5 Factors That Affect Collapse238
- 9.5.1 Effect of Hardening Rule238
- 9.5.2 Bifurcation Buckling239
- 9.5.3 Effect of Residual Stresses240
- 9.5.4 Asymmetric Modes of Collapse243
- 9.5.5 Effect of Wall Thickness Variations248
- 9.5.6 Effect of Material Stress–Strain Response249
- 9.5.7 Effect of Anisotropic Yielding250
- 9.6 Collapse of UOE Pipe Bent Under External Pressure251
- 9.6.1 Experiments252
- 9.6.2 Analysis256
- 9.7 Conclusions and Recommendations257
- Chapter 10 Inelastic Response Under Combined Bending and Tension260
- 10.1 Features of Tube Bending Under Tension261
- 10.2 Combined Bending–Tension Experiments261
- 10.2.1 Test Facility261
- 10.2.2 Experimental Procedure and Results264
- 10.3 Formulation270
- 10.4 Predictions274
- 10.4.1 Simulation of Experiments274
- 10.5 Parametric Study275
- 10.5.1 Effect of Loading Path275
- 10.5.2 Transverse Force on Axis of Pipe276
- 10.5.3 Effect of Curvature276
- 10.5.4 Effect of Yield Anisotropy and Residual Stresses277
- 10.6 Conclusions and Recommendations278
- Chapter 11 Plastic Buckling and Collapse Under Axial Compression280
- 11.1 Features of Axial Plastic Buckling281
- 11.2 Axial Buckling Experiments283
- 11.2.1 Experimental Setup283
- 11.2.2 Experimental Results285
- 11.3 Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinkling293
- 11.3.1 Formulation293
- 11.3.2 Predictions296
- 11.4 Evolution of Wrinkling297
- 11.4.1 Kinematics297
- 11.4.2 Principle of Virtual Work299
- 11.4.3 Constitutive Equations299
- 11.4.4 Axisymmetric Solution299
- 11.4.5 Localization of Axisymmetric Wrinkling304
- 11.4.6 Bifurcation into Non-Axisymmetric Buckling Modes305
- 11.5 Non-Axisymmetric Buckling and Collapse308
- 11.5.1 Results309
- 11.6 Parametric Study314
- 11.7 Summary and Recommendations316
- Chapter 12 Combined Internal Pressure and Axial Compression319
- 12.1 Combined Axial Compression–Internal Pressure Experiments319
- 12.1.1 Experimental Set-Up320
- 12.1.2 Experimental Results321
- 12.2 Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinkling327
- 12.2.1 Formulation327
- 12.2.2 Predictions328
- 12.3 Evolution of Wrinkling329
- 12.4 Parametric Study332
- 12.5 Summary and Recommendations334
- Chapter 13 Elements of Plasticity Theory336
- 13.1 Preliminaries336
- 13.1.1 Aspects of Uniaxial Behavior336
- 13.1.2 Discontinuous Yielding339
- 13.1.3 Multiaxial Behavior342
- 13.1.4 Yield Criteria342
- 13.2 Incremental Plasticity345
- 13.2.1 The Flow Rule345
- 13.2.2 J[sub(2)] Flow Theory with Isotropic Hardening346
- 13.3 The Deformation Theory of Plasticity349
- 13.3.1 The J[sub(2)] Deformation Theory349
- 13.3.2 Incremental J[sub(2)] Deformation Theory350
- 13.3.3 Anisotropic Deformation Theory351
- 13.4 Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening352
- 13.4.1 The Drucker–Palgen Model [13.19]353
- 13.4.2 The Dafalias–Popov Two-Surface Model355
- 13.4.3 The Tseng–Lee Two-Surface Model358
- Appendix A: Mechanical Testing361
- A.1 Tensile and Compressive Material Stress–Strain Responses361
- A.1.1 Tension Tests361
- A.1.2 Compression Tests363
- A.2 Toughness365
- A.2.1 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test (CVN)365
- A.2.2 Drop-Weight Tear Test (DWTT)368
- A.3 Hardness Tests368
- A.4 Residual Stresses369
- Appendix B: Plastic Anisotropy in Tubes371
- B.1 Anisotropy Tests371
- B.1.1 Lateral Pressure Test372
- B.1.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Test373
- B.1.3 Torsion Test374
- Appendix C: The Ramberg–Osgood Stress–Strain Fit376
- Appendix D: Sanders' Circular Cylindrical Shell Equations378
- Appendix E: Stress–Strain Fitting for the Dafalias–Popov Model380
- Appendix F: Stress–Strain Fitting for the Tseng–Lee Model383
- Appendix G: Glossary and Nomenclature386
- Appendix H: Units and Conversions393
- Index395
- A395
- B395
- C396
- D396
- E397
- F397
- H397
- I397
- J398
- K398
- L398
- M398
- N398
- O398
- P399
- R399
- S399
- T400
- U400
- V400
- W400
- Y400
- Z400
Offshore oil and gas production was conducted throughout the entire 20th century, but the industry’s modern importance and vibrancy did not start until the early 1970s, when the North Sea became a major producer. Since then, the expansion of the offshore oil industry has been continuous and rapid.
Pipelines, and more generally long tubular structures, are major oil and gas industry tools used in exploration, drilling, production, and transmission. Installing and operating tubular structures in deep waters places unique demands on them. Technical challenges within the field have spawned significant research and development efforts in a broad range of areas.
Volume I addresses problems of buckling and collapse of long inelastic cylinders under various loads encountered in the offshore arena. Several of the solutions are also directly applicable to land pipelines. The approach of Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines is problem oriented. The background of each problem and scenario are first outlined and each discussion finishes with design recommendations.
* New and classical problems addressed - investigated through a combination of experiments and analysis
* Each chapter deals with a specific mechanical problem that is analyzed independently
* The fundamental nature of the problems makes them also applicable to other fields, including tubular components in nuclear reactors and power plants, aerospace structures, automotive and civil engineering structures, naval vehicles and structures
Pipelines, and more generally long tubular structures, are major oil and gas industry tools used in exploration, drilling, production, and transmission. Installing and operating tubular structures in deep waters places unique demands on them. Technical challenges within the field have spawned significant research and development efforts in a broad range of areas.
Volume I addresses problems of buckling and collapse of long inelastic cylinders under various loads encountered in the offshore arena. Several of the solutions are also directly applicable to land pipelines. The approach of Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines is problem oriented. The background of each problem and scenario are first outlined and each discussion finishes with design recommendations.
* New and classical problems addressed - investigated through a combination of experiments and analysis
* Each chapter deals with a specific mechanical problem that is analyzed independently
* The fundamental nature of the problems makes them also applicable to other fields, including tubular components in nuclear reactors and power plants, aerospace structures, automotive and civil engineering structures, naval vehicles and structures