Mechanosensitive Ion Channels, Part A
Regular price
76.000 KD
inc. VAT
Couldn't load pickup availability
Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Forewordxv
- Previous Volumes in Seriesxvii
- Chapter 1: Structures of the Prokaryotic Mechanosensitive Channels MscL and MscS1
- I. Overview1
- II. Introduction2
- III. Conductances of MscL and MscS: General Considerations3
- IV. Structure Determination of MscL and MscS6
- A. General Considerations in Membrane Protein Crystallography6
- B. Crystallographic Analysis of MscL and MscS9
- V. MscL and MscS Structures11
- VI. The Permeation Pathway in MscL and MscS15
- VII. Disulfide Bond Formation in MscL17
- VIII. Concluding Remarks18
- Acknowledgments20
- References20
- Chapter 2: 3.5 Billion Years of Mechanosensory Transduction: Structure and Function of Mechanosensit25
- I. Overview26
- II. Introduction26
- III. Discovery, Mechanism, and Structure of MS Channels in Prokaryotes28
- A. Historical Perspective28
- B. Conductance, Selectivity, and Activation by Membrane Tension of Bacterial MS Channels28
- C. Cloning of MscL and MscS of E. coli30
- D. Molecular Identification of MS Channels in Archaea33
- E. Molecular Structure of Prokaryotic MS Channels35
- F. Bilayer Mechanism and Gating by Mechanical Force39
- G. Spectroscopic Studies41
- H. Structural Models of Gating in MscL and MscS43
- IV. Pharmacology of Prokaryotic MS Channels44
- V. Families of Prokaryotic MS Channels45
- A. MscL Family46
- B. MscS Family46
- VI. Early Origins of Mechanosensory Transduction46
- A. Physiological Function of MS Channels in Prokaryotic Cells47
- B. Function of MscS-Like Channels in Mechanosensory Transduction in Plants49
- VII. Concluding Remarks50
- Acknowledgments50
- References50
- Chapter 3: Activation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels by Forces Transmitted Through Integrins and t59
- I. Overview59
- II. Introduction60
- III. Conventional Views of MS Channel Gating63
- IV. Tensegrity-Based Cellular Mechanotransduction66
- V. Force Transmission Through Integrins in Living Cells70
- VI. Potential Linkages Between Integrins and MS Ion Channels73
- VII. Conclusions and Future Implications77
- References78
- Chapter 4: Thermodynamics of Mechanosensitivity87
- I. Overview87
- II. Introduction88
- A. General Equations90
- III. Area Sensitivity91
- A. Line Tension and Area Sensitivity93
- B. Direct Observations of the Effect of Line Tension and Shape Transformation96
- IV. Shape Sensitivity99
- A. Experimental Observation of Shape Sensitivity100
- V. Length Sensitivity and Switch Between Stretch-Activation and Stretch-Inactivation Modes103
- A. Channel Activation by LPLs108
- B. Other Parameters Regulating Switch Between Stretch-Activation and Inactivation Modes111
- VI. Thermodynamic Approach and Detailed Mechanical Models of MS Channels112
- A. Detailed Mechanical Models113
- VII. Conclusions114
- References115
- Chapter 5: Flexoelectricity and Mechanotransduction121
- I. Overview121
- II. Introduction121
- III. Flexoelectricity, Membrane Curvature, and Polarization122
- A. Flexoelectricity and Membrane Lipids124
- B. Flexoelectricity and Membrane Proteins130
- IV. Experimental Results on Flexoelectricity in Biomembranes131
- A. Theoretical Remarks131
- B. Experimental Data132
- V. Flexoelectricity and Mechanotransduction143
- VI. Conclusions147
- References148
- Chapter 6: Lipid Effects on Mechanosensitive Channels151
- I. Overview151
- II. Intrinsic Membrane Proteins152
- III. Effects of Lipid Structure on Membrane Protein Function152
- IV. How to Explain Effects of Lipid Structure on Membrane Protein Function155
- A. The Lipid Annulus155
- B. The Fluidity of a Lipid Bilayer and Its Consequences156
- C. The Importance of Hydrophobic Thickness163
- D. Curvature Stress166
- E. Elastic Strain and Pressure Profiles168
- F. General Features of Lipid-Protein Interactions170
- V. What Do These General Principles Tell Us About MscL?171
- References174
- Chapter 7: Functional Interactions of the Extracellular Matrix with Mechanosensitive Channels179
- I. Overview179
- II. Mechanotransduction180
- III. Mechanosensitive Channels in Connective Tissue Cells182
- IV. The Extracellular Environment of Cells184
- V. Force Transmission from Matrix to Cytoskeleton187
- A. Focal Adhesions187
- B. Selectins188
- VI. Experimental Models of Force Application to Connective Tissue Cells189
- VII. Effects of Force on Cell Surface Structures193
- VIII. Future Approaches194
- References195
- Chapter 8: MscL: The Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel of Large Conductance201
- I. Overview202
- II. Introduction and Historical Perspective202
- A. The Discovery of MS Channels in Bacteria202
- B. Proposing a Function203
- C. The Identification of Multiple MS Channel Activities in E. coli203
- D. Identification of the E. coli mscL Gene205
- E. Early Mutagenesis Studies206
- III. A Detailed Structural Model: An X-Ray Crystallographic Structure from an E.coli MscL Orthologue207
- A. The Crystal Structure208
- B. Fitting the Structure with the Findings from Mutagenesis Studies209
- C. Comparing Tb-MscL with Eco-MscL210
- IV. Proposed Models for How the MscL Channel Opens212
- A. Opening the Channel: Twist and Turn212
- B. Molecular Dynamic Simulations222
- V. Physical Cues for MscL Channel Gating: Protein-Lipid Interactions223
- A. Studies of the Energetic and Spatial Parameters for MscL Gating223
- B. Does MscL Sense the Pressure Across the Membrane or the Tension Within It?224
- C. Sensing the Biophysical Properties of the Membrane224
- D. Specific Protein-Lipid Interactions225
- VI. MscL as a Possible Nanosensor227
- VII. Conclusions228
- Acknowledgments228
- References229
- Chapter 9: The Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel MscS: Emerging Principles of Gating and Modulation235
- I. Overview236
- II. Introduction236
- III. MscS and Its Relatives238
- A. A Brief Account of Bacterial Osmoregulation and the Discovery of MscS238
- B. MscS Vs MscK: How to Interpret Early Functional Data?240
- C. Purification and Reconstitution of MscS Showed Homo-Multimeric Channels Activated by Tension in t242
- IV. Structural and Computational Studies242
- A. Structure of MscS and First Hypotheses About Its Gating Mechanism242
- B. Computational Studies of MscS244
- V. Functional Properties of MscS249
- A. MscS Conduction and Selectivity249
- B. Gating Characteristics of MscS In Situ250
- C. Mutations That Affect MscS Activity252
- D. MscS Inactivation253
- VI. What Do the Closed, Open, and Inactivated States of MscS Look Like?256
- A. Is the Crystal Structure a Native State?257
- B. Closed State258
- C. Open State258
- VII. Emerging Principles of MscS Gating and Regulation and the New Directions260
- References263
- Chapter 10: StructureFunction Relations of MscS269
- I. Overview269
- II. Introduction270
- A. Functional Overview273
- III. The Structure of MscS276
- A. The Membrance Domain278
- B. The Cytoplasmic Domain278
- C. Variations in Structure279
- D. Twisting MscS Around the Pore280
- E. MscS Is Small but Beautifully Formed281
- IV. MscS Mutational Analysis282
- V. Structural Transitions in MscS284
- A. The Need for the Closed State284
- B. The Crystal State285
- C. The TM3 Pore287
- D. The Closed-to-Open Transition288
- VI. Conclusions and Future Perspective291
- Acknowledgments291
- References292
- Chapter 11: The MscS Cytoplasmic Domain and Its Conformational Changes on the Channel Gating295
- I. Overview295
- II. MscL and MscS: Primary Gates and Similarities in Activation296
- III. The MscL Cytoplasmic Regions and Functioning of the Channel299
- IV. The MscS C-Terminal Chamber: The Cage-Like Structure and Kinetics300
- V. Structural Alterations of the MscS Cytoplasmic Chamber on Gating303
- VI. Conclusions and Perspectives305
- Acknowledgments306
- References306
- Chapter 12: Microbial TRP Channels and Their Mechanosensitivity311
- I. Overview311
- II. A History TRP-Channel Research312
- III. The Mechanosensitivity of Animal TRP Channels313
- IV. Distribution and the Unknown Origin of TRPs314
- V. TRPY1: The TRP Channel of Budding Yeast317
- VI. Other Fungal TRP Homologues321
- VII. Sequence Information Does Not Explain TRP Mechanosensitivity322
- VIII. Conclusions323
- Acknowledgment324
- References324
- Chapter 13: MscS-Like Proteins in Plants329
- I. Overview329
- II. Mechanosensation and Ion Channels in Plants330
- A. Plants Cells and Turgor Pressure330
- B. Mechanosensory Signal Transduction in Plants331
- C. MS Ion are Present in Plant Cell Membranes333
- III. The Eukaryotic Family of MscS_Like Proteins337
- A. E. coil MscS337
- B. The Eukaryotic Subfamily339
- IV. The Arabidopsis MSL Genes345
- A.Overview345
- B. Subcellular Localization of MSL Proteins347
- C. Control of MSL Gene Expression348
- D. MSL2, MSL3, and the Control of Organelle Morphology349
- V. Outstanding Questions351
- A. How Have MscS-Like Proteins Evolved?351
- B. What Roles Do MS Ion Channels Play in Plant Biology?351
- C. Is Clustering of MS Ion Channels Important?352
- V. Conculsion353
- References353
- Chapter 14: Delivering Force and Amplifying Signals in Plant Mechanosensing361
- I. Overview362
- II. Introduction362
- III. Focusing Force365
- A. Force Experienced by a Plant Is Chiefly Borne by the Heterogeneous Wall System365
- B. The Plasmalemmal Reticulum Carries Force to the Channels366
- C. Implication of Heterogeneous Walls for Thigmotropic Reception372
- D. Walls Are Only Half the Mechanical Story: Gravitropism, Like Plant Form, Depends on Force Generat372
- E. Not Just Any Displacement Triggers Gravitropism376
- F. Map of Mechanotropic Cells in the Root Cap376
- IV. Transduction and Ensuing Events in Thigmotropism378
- V. Early Events in Gravitropism379
- A. Direct Evidence for Pulsed Ca2+ Elevation379
- B. Curvature Kinetics Are Consistent with MCaCs as Gravitropic Transducers380
- C. Ca2+ Kinetics and Xenobiotic Effects Are Consistent with MCaCs as Gravitropic Transducers381
- D. Ramping Sensitivity Up and Down Again: Voltage and pH Modulation of MCaCs383
- E. Variable Linkage: A "Nonmechanical" Role for the PR384
- F. Cloistering Ca2+384
- VI. From Primary Transduction Pulse Forward: Facilitative and Vectorial Gravitropic Reception385
- A. Facilitative Gravitropic Reception386
- B. Vectorial Gravitropic Reception386
- C. Decay of Facilitative Reception388
- VII. What Comes Next389
- References390
- Chapter 15: MS Channels in Tip-Growing Systems393
- I. Overview393
- II. Introduction394
- III. Lilium longiflorum Pollen Tubes395
- IV. Saprolegnia ferax Hyphae400
- V. Silvetia compressa Rhizoids402
- VI. Neurospora crassa Hyphae405
- VII. Is Turgor Necessary for Activation of MS Channels?406
- VIII. Conclusions407
- References409
- Index413
Current Topics in Membranes provides a systematic, comprehensive, and rigorous approach to specific topics relevant to the study of cellular membranes. Each volume is a guest edited compendium of membrane biology. This series has been a mainstay for practicing scientists and students interested in this critical field of biology. Articles covered in the volume include The Mechanical Properties of Bilayers; Molecular Dynamic Modeling of MS Channels; Structures of the Prokaryotic Mechanosensitive; Channels MscL and MscS; 3.5 Billion Years of Mechanosensory Transduction: Structure and Function of Mechanosensitive Channels in Prokaryotes; Activation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels by Forces Transmitted through Integrins and the Cytoskeleton; Thermodynamics of Mechanosensitivity; Flexoelectricity and Mechanotransduction; Lipid Effects on Mechanosensitive Channels; Functional Interactions of the Extracellular Matrix with Mechanosensitive Channels; MSCL: The Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel of Large Conductance; The Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel MscS: Emerging Principles of Gating and Modulation; Structure function relations of MscS; The MscS Cytoplasmic Domain and its Conformational Changes upon the Channel Gating; Microbial TRP Channels and Their Mechanosensitivity; MSCS-Like Proteins in Plants; Delivering Force and Amplifying Signals in Plant Mechanosensing; MS Channels in Tip Growing Systems.