Elsevier S & T

Medical Biochemistry

Bhagavan, N. V.

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Table of contents

Contentsv
Contributorsxxv
Prefacexxvii
Acknowledgmentsxxix
Chapter 1. Water, Acids, Bases, and Buffers1
1.1 Properties of Water1
1.2 Buffers4
1.3 Measurement of pH11
1.4 H + Concentration and pH15
Supplemental Readings and References16
Chapter 2. Amino Acids17
2.1 L-α-Amino Acids:Structure17
2.2 Classification17
2.3 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Properties27
2.4 Chemical Reactions of Amino Acids31
Supplemental Readings and References33
Chapter 3. Protein Isolation and Determination of Amino Acid Sequence35
3.1 Quantitative Determination of Proteins35
3.2 Determination of Primary Structure36
3.3 Separation of Proteins36
3.4 Capillary Electrophoresis41
3.5 Amino Acid Composition42
3.6 Amino Acid Sequence Determination43
Supplemental Readings and References49
Chapter 4. Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins51
4.1 Attractive and Repulsive Forces in Proteins52
4.2 Primary Structure53
4.3 Secondary Structure53
4.4 Tertiary Structure57
4.5 Quaternary Structure58
4.6 Denaturation58
4.7 Protein Folding and Associated Diseases59
Supplemental Readings and References64
Chapter 5. Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics , and Energy Metabolism67
5.1 Methods of Altering the Rate of Reactions67
5.2 Thermodynamics68
5.3 Standard Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP73
5.4 Chemical Kinetics75
5.5 Energy Metabolism77
5.6 Obesity82
Supplemental Readings and References84
Chapter 6. Enzymes I: General Properties , Kinetics , and Inhibition85
6.1 Nomenclature85
6.2 Catalysis86
6.3 Kinetics of Enzymes Catalyzing Two-Substrate Reactions92
6.4 Inhibition92
6.5 Kinetics of Ligand–Receptor Interaction104
6.6 Mechanisms of Enzyme Action105
Supplemental Readings and References108
Chapter 7. Enzymes II: Regulation109
7.1 Types of Regulation109
7.2 Allosteric Enzyme Regulation111
Supplemental Readings and References119
Chapter 8. Enzymes III: Clinical Applications121
8.1 Diagnosis and Prognosis of Disease121
8.2 Serum Markers in the Diagnosis of Tissue Damage126
8.3 Enzymes as Analytical Reagents128
8.4 Enzymes as Therapeutic Agents130
Supplemental Readings and References132
Chapter 9. Simple Carbohydrates133
9.1 Classification133
Supplemental Readings and References151
Chapter 10. Heteropolysaccharides I: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids153
10.1 Glycoproteins153
10.2 Cell Membrane Constituents156
10.3 Cell-Surface Glycoproteins161
10.4 Serum Glycoproteins168
10.5 Molecular Mimicry of Oligosaccharides and Host Susceptibility170
Supplemental Readings and References170
Chapter 11. Heteropolysaccharides II: Proteoglycans and Peptidoglycans173
11.1 Protein Fibers and Proteoglycans173
11.2 Peptidoglycans188
11.3 Lectins194
Supplemental Readings and References195
Chapter 12. Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption197
12.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the GI Tract197
12.2 Gastrointestinal Hormones202
12.3 Digestion and Absorption of Major Food Substances208
12.4 Absorption of Water and Electrolytes222
12.5 Thermic Effect of Food224
Supplemental Readings and References224
Chapter 13. Carbohydrate Metabolism I: Glycolysis and TCA Cycle225
13.1 Glycolysis225
13.2 Pyruvate Metabolism235
13.3 Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA)Cycle241
Supplemental Readings and References245
Chapter 14. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation247
14.1 Mitochondrial Structure and Properties248
14.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation257
14.3 Mitochondrial Energy States263
14.4 The Mitochondrial Genome266
14.5 Nuclear Control of Respiratory Chain Expression267
14.6 Mitochondrial Diseases268
14.7 Other Reducing-Equivalent Transport and Oxygen-Consuming Systems270
Supplemental Readings and References274
Chapter 15. Carbohydrate Metabolism II: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown, and Alter275
15.1 Gluconeogenesis275
15.2 Glycogen Metabolism283
15.3 Alternative Pathways of Glucose Metabolism and Hexose Interconversions291
Supplemental Readings and References305
Chapter 16. Carbohydrate Metabolism III: Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, GPI Anchors, Proteoglycans, and307
16.1 Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins311
16.2 Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycans324
Supplemental Readings and References329
Chapter 17. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism331
17.1 Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids331
17.2 Metabolism of Ammonia340
17.3 Metabolism of Some Individual Amino Acids345
Supplemental Readings and References363
Chapter 18. Lipids I: Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids365
18.1 Oxidation of Fatty Acids366
18.2 Metabolism of Ketone Bodies374
18.3 Metabolism of Ethanol377
18.4 Synthesis of Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids379
18.5 Metabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids386
18.6 Nonessential Fatty Acids386
18.7 trans-Fatty Acids388
18.8 Essential Fatty Acids388
18.9 Metabolism of Eicosanoids389
Supplemental Readings and References398
Chapter 19. Lipids lI- Phospholipids, Glycosphingolipids, and Cholesterol401
19.1 Phospholipids401
19.2 Phospholipids and Glycosphingolipids in Clinical Medicine406
19.3 Cholesterol414
19.4 Bile Acids423
Supplemental Readings and References427
Chapter 20. Lipids III: Plasma Lipoproteins429
20.1 Structure and Composition429
20.2 Metabolism433
20.3 Lipoprotein-Associated Disorders440
Supplemental Readings and References450
Chapter 21. Muscle and Nonmuscle Contractile Systems453
21.1 Muscle Systems454
21.2 Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: Overview464
21.3 Energy Supply in Muscle468
21.4 Inherited Diseases of Muscle476
21.5 Nonmuscle Systems478
21.6 Drugs Affecting Microtubules483
Supplemental Readings and References484
Chapter 22. Metabolic Homeostasis485
22.1 Metabolic Homeostasis485
22.2 Metabolic Roles of Organs487
22.3 Endocrine Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones490
22.4 Stored Fuels496
22.5 Carbohydrate Homeostasis497
22.6 Lipid Homeostasis504
22.7 Protein Synthesis and Nitrogen Homeostasis508
22.8 Abnormalities of Metabolic Homeostasis511
22.9 Metabolic Homeostasis during Exercise517
Supplemental Readings and References518
Chapter 23. Nucleic Acid Structure and Properties of DNA521
23.1 Components of Nucleic Acids521
23.2 Physical and Chemical Structure of DNA524
23.3 Denaturation of DNA527
23.4 Renaturation of DNA528
23.5 Repetitive DNASequences530
23.6 Degradation of DNA530
23.7 Diagnostic and Clinical Applications of DNA532
23.8 DNA Vaccines537
23.9 The Human Genome Project538
23.10 Genomics and Proteomics542
Supplemental Readings and References542
Chapter 24. DNA Replication, Repair, and Mutagenesis545
24.1 DNA Replication546
24.2 Enzymologyof DNA Replication548
24.3 The Replication Fork552
24.4 Chromosome Replication554
24.5 DNA Repair556
24.6 DNA Mutation559
Supplemental Readings and References562
Chapter 25. RNA and Protein Synthesis563
25.1 Structure of RNA564
25.2 Messenger RNA564
25.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of RNA566
25.4 Prokaryotic Transcription566
25.5 Transcription in Eukaryotes568
25.6 Genetic Code571
25.7 Attachment of Amino Acid to tRNA Molecule574
25.8 Initiator tRNA Molecules and Selection of Initiation Codon574
25.9 Ribosomes575
25.10 Protein Synthesis576
25.11 Collagen Biosynthesis and Its Disorders585
Supplemental Readings and References590
Chapter 26. Regulation of Gene Expression593
26.1 Regulation of mRNA593
26.2 Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes594
26.3 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes599
26.4 Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes601
26.5 Regulation of Cell Death: Apoptosis609
26.6 Regulation of Cell Proliferation: Oncogenes609
26.7 Retroviruses and AIDS612
Supplemental Readings and References613
Chapter 27. Nucleotide Metabolism615
27.1 One-Carbon Metabolism615
27.2 Formation of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate619
27.3 Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides620
27.4 Conversion of Nucleoside Monophosphates to Diphosphates and Triphosphates624
27.5 Formation of Purine Deoxyribonucleotides624
27.6 Regulation of Purine Biosynthesis625
27.7 Inhibitors of Purine Biosynthesis626
27.8 Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides628
27.9 Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides637
27.10 Coordination of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis642
27.11 Catabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides643
27.12 Abnormalities of Pyrimidine Metabolism644
Supplemental Readings and References644
Chapter 28. Hemoglobin645
28.1 Structure of Hemoglobins645
28.2 Functional Aspects of Hemoglobin646
28.3 Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin Structure and Synthesis657
28.4 Derivatives of Hemoglobin671
Supplemental Readings and References674
Chapter 29. Metabolism of Iron and Heme675
29.1 Iron Metabolism675
29.2 Heme Biosynthesis684
29.3 Heme Catabolism689
Supplemental Readings and References696
Chapter 30. Endocrine Metabolism I: Introduction699
30.1 Hormonal Amines700
30.2 Peptide, Protein, and Glycoprotein Hormones701
30.3 Steroid Hormones702
30.4 Mechanism of Hormone Action709
30.5 Types of Hormone Receptors710
30.6 Organization of the Endocrine System722
Supplemental Readings and References726
Chapter 31. Endocrine Metabolism II: Hypothalamus and Pituitary729
31.1 Hypothalamus729
31.2 Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)736
Supplemental Readings and References746
Chapter 32. Endocrine Metabolism III: Adrenal Glands749
32.1 Adrenal Cortex749
32.2 Adrenal Medulla760
Supplemental Readings and References767
Chapter 33. Endocrine Metabolism IV: Thyroid Gland769
33.1 Structure-Activity of Thyroid Hormones769
33.2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis770
33.3 Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones774
33.4 Biological Actions of Thyroid Hormones776
Supplemental Readings and References779
Chapter 34. Endocrine Metabolism V: Reproductive System781
34.1 Testes782
34.2 Ovaries790
Supplemental Readings and References801
Chapter 35. Molecular Immunology803
35.1 Innate Immunity803
35.2 Acquired or Adaptive Immunity808
35.3 Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity811
35.4 Distinguishing Self from Nonself811
35.5 Molecules and Chemical Processes of the Immune System811
35.6 Immunoglobulin Structure and Function812
35.7 B-Cell Clonal Selection and Proliferation823
35.8 Antibody Diversity and Immunoglobulin Genes824
35.9 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes827
35.10 Complement827
35.11 Cytokines832
35.12 Vaccines833
Supplemental Readings and References837
Chapter 36. Biochemistry of Hemostasis839
36.1 Primary Hemostasis840
36.2 Secondary Hemostasis841
36.3 Functional Properties and Structures of the Hemostatic System Factors(Proteins)842
36.4 Clotting851
36.5 The Procoagulant Subsystem of Coagulation852
36.6 The Extrinsic Pathway854
36.7 The Intrinsic Pathway856
36.8 Anticoagulant Subsystem„Activation of Protein C and Inactivation of Factors Va and VIIIa857
36.9 Fibrinolytic Subsystem859
36.10 Vitamin K, Oral Anticoagulants, and Their Mechanisms of Action861
36.11 Coagulation Factor Measurements863
36.12 Case Studies870
Supplemental Readings and References872
Chapter 37. Mineral Metabolism873
37.1 Calcium and Phosphorus873
37.2 Magnesium890
37.3 Nonessential Trace Elements891
37.4 Metallothioneins894
37.5 Essential Trace Elements894
Supplemental Readings and References899
Chapter 38. Vitamin Metabolism901
38.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins904
38.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins914
38.3 Vitamin-Responsive Inherited Metabolic Disorders926
38.4 Vitamin-like Substances927
Supplemental Readings and References928
Chapter 39. Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance929
39.1 Water Metabolism929
39.2 Homeostatic Controls930
39.3 Water and Osmolality Controls931
39.4 Electrolyte Balance933
39.5 Acid-Base Balance934
Supplemental Readings and References938
Appendix I. Median Heights and Weights and Recommended Energy Intake939
Appendix II. Weights for Heights of Adults in the United States941
Appendix III. Weight and Height of Males and Gemales up to 18 Years in the United States943
Appendix IV. Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances945
Appendix V. Classification of Selected Enzymes with Clinical Importance According to the Enzyme Comm947
Appendix VI. Serum Protein Electrophoresis and Its Diagnostic Significance949
Appendix VII. Laboratory Evaluation of Hemoglobin Disorders957
Appendix VIII. Acronyms and Abbreviations Found in This Text963
Appendix IX. Reference Intervals for Clinical Laboratory Parameters967
Index979
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Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780120954407
ISBN-13 9780080511399
Author Bhagavan, N. V.
Edition 4th
Category Medical
Subject Biochemistry

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Thoroughly updated and in a new two-color format, this well- respected text presents the fundamentals of biochemistry and related topics to students pursuing a one- or two-semester course in pre-med biochemistry or medical programs. The second edition is equally applicable to other health-related fields such as clinical chemistry, medical technology or pharmacology. Medical Biochemistry, Fourth Edition, focuses on the foundations and clinically relevant applications of normal human biochemistry and pathology. Abundantly illustrated with four-color plates.

Revised chapters on molecular biology reflect the latest research in the field
Two color throughout with four color plates
Reference quality appendices include practical information on clinical lab parameters used to diagnose a range of diseases

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