Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases: Microbiological Aspects and Risks
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Prefacevii
- Part 1 Introduction1
- 1 Risk assessment and drinking water3
- What is risk?3
- Risk assessment4
- Microbial risk assessment in drinking water6
- Introduction6
- Regulatory history6
- Application of data7
- Use of surveillance8
- Microbial risk assessment frameworks9
- Susceptible subpopulations12
- Risk communication13
- References15
- Part 2 Bacteriology19
- 2 Acinetobacter21
- Basic microbiology21
- Origin and taxonomy21
- Metabolism and physiology22
- Clinical features23
- Pathogenicity and virulence23
- Treatment24
- Survival in the environment24
- Methods of detection25
- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks26
- Risk assessment26
- References27
- 3 Aeromonas29
- Basic microbiology29
- Origin and taxonomy30
- Metabolism and physiology31
- Clinical features32
- Pathogenicity and virulence33
- Treatment34
- Presence in the environment34
- Methods of isolation and detection36
- Epidemiology37
- Risk assessment37
- References39
- 4 Arcobacter43
- Basic microbiology43
- Origin of the organism43
- Metabolism and biochemistry44
- Clinical features44
- Treatment45
- Environment45
- Isolation and detection45
- Epidemiology46
- Risk assessment47
- References48
- 5 Campylobacter49
- Basic microbiology49
- Origin and taxonomy50
- Metabolism and physiology50
- Clinical features51
- Pathogenicity and virulence51
- Treatment53
- Survival in the environment and water53
- Methods of detection54
- Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks55
- Risk assessment56
- References57
- 6 Cyanobacteria61
- Basic microbiology61
- Origin and taxonomy61
- Clinical features62
- Pathogenicity and virulence63
- Survival in the environment and water64
- Methods of detection65
- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks65
- Risk assessment67
- References68
- 7 Escherichia coli71
- Basic microbiology71
- Origins of the organism72
- Metabolism and physiology72
- Clinical features72
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)74
- Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)77
- Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) or Vero cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)77
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)78
- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)78
- Virulence and pathogenicity78
- ETEC78
- EPEC79
- EHEC80
- EIEC80
- EAEC80
- DAEC81
- Treatment81
- Survival in the environment81
- Water82
- Detection82
- EPEC83
- EAEC83
- ETEC83
- EIEC84
- VTEC84
- Epidemiology85
- EPEC85
- ETEC85
- EHEC86
- EIEC87
- EAEC87
- Risk assessment87
- References89
- 8 Helicobacter pylori91
- Basic microbiology91
- Origin and taxonomy93
- Metabolism and physiology93
- Clinical features95
- Virulence98
- Treatment99
- Survival in the environment100
- Water105
- Recovery of water adapted Helicobacter pylori108
- Possible mechanisms of persistence and culturability of Helicobacter pylori in water109
- Methods of detection111
- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks113
- Risk assessment113
- Overall risk assessment114
- References116
- 9 Other heterotrophic plate count bacteria (Flavobacterium, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Staph125
- Basic microbiology125
- Flavobacterium125
- Klebsiella126
- Pseudomonas126
- Serratia126
- Staphylococcus127
- Origin of the organism127
- Flavobacterium127
- Klebsiella128
- Pseudomonas128
- Serratia128
- Staphylococcus128
- Metabolism and physiology129
- Flavobacterium129
- Klebsiella129
- Pseudomonas129
- Serratia129
- Staphylococcus129
- Clinical features130
- Flavobacterium131
- Klebsiella131
- Pseudomonas131
- Serratia132
- Staphylococcus132
- Pathogenicity and virulence132
- Klebsiella132
- Pseudomonas133
- Serratia133
- Staphylococcus133
- Treatment134
- Klebsiella134
- Pseudomonas134
- Serratia134
- Staphylococcus135
- Survival in the environment and water135
- Flavobacterium135
- Klebsiella135
- Pseudomonas136
- Serratia137
- Staphylococcus137
- Methods of detection138
- Flavobacterium138
- Klebsiella138
- Pseudomonas138
- Serratia139
- Staphylococcus139
- Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks140
- Risk assessment140
- References142
- 10 Legionella145
- Basic microbiology145
- Origin and taxonomy of the organism146
- Metabolism and physiology146
- Clinical features146
- Pathogenicity and virulence147
- Treatment148
- Survival in the environment148
- Methods of detection149
- Epidemiology149
- Risk assessment150
- References151
- 11 The Mycobacterium avium complex155
- Basic microbiology155
- Origins of the organism156
- Clinical features159
- Treatment161
- Survival in the environment161
- Detection methods163
- Epidemiology166
- Risk assessment167
- References168
- 12 Salmonella173
- Basic microbiology173
- Origin173
- Metabolism and physiology174
- Clinical features175
- Pathogenicity and virulence175
- Treatment177
- Survival in the environment177
- Survival in water178
- Methods of detection179
- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks180
- Risk assessment181
- References182
- 13 Shigella185
- Basic microbiology185
- Origin and taxonomy185
- Metabolism and physiology186
- Clinical features186
- Pathogenicity and virulence187
- Treatment188
- Survival in the environment188
- Survival in water189
- Methods of detection190
- Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks191
- Risk assessment192
- References193
- 14 Vibrio cholerae197
- Basic microbiology197
- Origin and taxonomy198
- Metabolism and physiology198
- Clinical features199
- Pathogenicity and virulence199
- V. cholerae O1200
- V. cholerae O139201
- V. cholerae non-O1201
- Treatment201
- Survival in the environment202
- Survival in water202
- Methods of detection202
- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks203
- Risk assessment204
- References205
- 15 Yersinia209
- Basic microbiology209
- Origins210
- Metabolism and physiology210
- Clinical features211
- Pathogenesis and virulence211
- Treatment212
- Environment213
- Water213
- Methods of detection214
- Epidemiology215
- Risk assessment215
- References216
- Part 3 Protozoa219
- 16 Acanthamoeba spp.221
- Basic microbiology221
- Origin of the organism222
- Clinical features223
- Pathogenicity and virulence223
- Treatment224
- Survival in the environment224
- Survival in water224
- Methods of detection225
- Epidemiology226
- Risk assessment226
- Future implications227
- References228
- 17 Balantidium coli231
- Basic microbiology231
- Clinical features232
- Pathogenicity, virulence and causation232
- Treatment233
- Survival in the environment and in water233
- Methods of detection233
- Epidemiology233
- Risk assessment234
- Overall risk assessment234
- Future implications235
- References235
- 18 Cryptosporidium spp.237
- Basic microbiology237
- Origin of the organism239
- Clinical features240
- Pathogenicity242
- Virulence243
- Causation243
- Treatment244
- Survival in the environment245
- Survival in water246
- Methods of detection247
- Epidemiology249
- Risk assessment254
- Overall risk assessment256
- Future implications258
- References258
- 19 Cyclospora cayetanensis267
- Basic microbiology267
- Origin of the organism268
- Clinical features269
- Pathogenicity and virulence270
- Causation270
- Treatment271
- Survival in the environment271
- Survival in water272
- Methods of detection273
- Epidemiology275
- Risk assessment278
- Overall risk assessment279
- Future implications280
- References281
- 20 Entamoeba histolytica285
- Basic microbiology285
- Origin of the organism287
- Clinical features287
- Pathogenicity and virulence288
- Causation288
- Treatment289
- Survival in the environment and in water289
- Methods of detection290
- Critical review of the epidemiology292
- Risk assessment293
- Overall risk assessment294
- Future implications295
- References295
- 21 Giardia duodenalis299
- Basic microbiology299
- Origin of the organism301
- Clinical features302
- Pathogenicity and virulence303
- Causation304
- Treatment304
- Survival in the environment304
- Survival in water306
- Methods of detection308
- Epidemiology309
- Risk assessment312
- Overall risk assessment312
- Future implications314
- References314
- 22 Naegleria fowleri319
- Basic microbiology319
- Origin of the organism320
- Clinical features320
- Pathogenicity, virulence and causation320
- Treatment321
- Survival in water and the environment321
- Methods of detection321
- Epidemiology322
- Risk assessment323
- References324
- 23 Toxoplasma gondii325
- Basic microbiology325
- Origin of the organism326
- Clinical features327
- Pathogenicity and virulence327
- Causation328
- Treatment328
- Survival in the environment329
- Survival in water329
- Methods of detection329
- Epidemiology330
- Risk assessment332
- Overall risk assessment333
- Future implications334
- References334
- Part 4 Viruses337
- 24 Common themes339
- Introduction339
- References342
- 25 The survival and persistence of viruses in water345
- References348
- 26 Methods for the detection of waterborne viruses349
- Concentration methods350
- Adsorption/elution351
- a. Adsorption to electronegative membranes and cartridges353
- b. Adsorption to electropositive membranes and cartridges355
- c. Adsorption to glass wool356
- d. Adsorption to glass powder357
- Entrapment358
- a. Ultrafiltration358
- b. Ultracentrifugation359
- Other methods360
- Hydroextraction360
- Iron oxide flocculation360
- Talc-celite adsorption360
- Adsorption to bituminous coal360
- Two-phase separation361
- Immunoaffinity columns and magnetic beads361
- Drying/freeze-drying361
- Detection and enumeration of waterborne viruses362
- Cell culture363
- The plaque assay364
- Monolayer plaque assay364
- Suspended cell plaque assay365
- Liquid assays367
- Most probable number assay367
- End point dilution assay (TCD[sub(50)])367
- Choice of assay method368
- Isolation and identification369
- Isolation369
- Identification369
- Detection of viruses by molecular biology370
- References372
- 27 Adenovirus379
- Basic microbiology379
- Origin of the organism380
- Clinical features and virulence381
- Pathogenicity381
- Transmission and epidemiology382
- Treatment382
- Distribution in the environment382
- Waterborne outbreaks383
- Risk assessment384
- References385
- 28 Astrovirus387
- Introduction387
- Basic microbiology388
- Origin of the organism391
- Pathogenesis and clinical features391
- Transmission and epidemiology392
- Distribution in the environment393
- Risk assessment396
- References397
- 29 Enterovirus (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)401
- Basic microbiology401
- Virology of infectious poliovirus vaccine403
- Origin of the organism403
- Clinical features403
- Virulence and pathogenicity404
- Treatment404
- Environment405
- Waterborne outbreaks410
- Epidemiology411
- Risk assessment412
- References413
- 30 Hepatitis A virus (HAV)419
- Basic microbiology419
- Origin of the organism420
- Clinical features and virulence420
- Pathogenicity420
- Transmission and epidemiology420
- Treatment421
- Distribution in the environment421
- Waterborne outbreaks423
- Risk assessment424
- References425
- 31 Hepatitis E virus (HEV)427
- Basic microbiology427
- Origin of the organism427
- Clinical features and virulence428
- Pathogenicity428
- Treatment428
- Transmission and epidemiology428
- Distribution in the environment429
- Waterborne outbreaks429
- Risk assessment430
- References430
- 32 Norovirus and sapovirus433
- Basic microbiology433
- Origin of the organism434
- Clinical features and virulence434
- Pathogenicity435
- Epidemiology435
- Treatment437
- Distribution in the environment437
- Waterborne outbreaks438
- Risk assessment440
- References441
- 33 Rotavirus445
- Basic microbiology445
- Origin of the organism447
- Clinical features and virulence447
- Pathogenicity447
- Transmission and epidemiology448
- Treatment448
- Distribution in the environment449
- Waterborne outbreaks450
- Risk assessment450
- References451
- Part 5 Helminths453
- 34 Dracunculiasis455
- Basic parasitology455
- Origin of the organism456
- Life cycle456
- Clinical features457
- Treatment457
- Epidemiology458
- Risk assessment458
- References459
- Part 6 Future461
- 35 Emerging waterborne infectious diseases463
- Microbial evolution464
- Improved diagnostic technology464
- New technology465
- Ecological change465
- Demographic change466
- International travel and trade466
- Breakdown in public health systems466
- Conclusions467
- References467
- Index469
- A469
- B470
- C471
- D472
- E472
- F473
- G473
- H473
- I474
- J474
- K474
- L475
- M475
- N476
- O476
- P476
- R477
- S477
- T479
- U479
- V479
- W480
- Y480
This comprehensive text describes the diseases associated with water, their causative agents and the ways in which they gain access to water systems. It also details the methods for detecting and identifying waterborne microorganisms, the ways in which they are removed from water, and the risks they present to water users. This handbook will serve as an indispensable reference for public health microbiologists, water utility scientists, research water pollution microbiologists environmental health officers, consultants in communicable disease control and microbial water pollution students.
* In-depth accounts of the micro-organisms which are of significance to public health
* Highlights the basic microbiology, clinical features, survival in the environment, and gives a risk assessment for each pathogen
* Relates the pathogens to water pollution in a practical and research orientated way
* Covers drinking water and both marine and freshwater recreational bathing waters
* In-depth accounts of the micro-organisms which are of significance to public health
* Highlights the basic microbiology, clinical features, survival in the environment, and gives a risk assessment for each pathogen
* Relates the pathogens to water pollution in a practical and research orientated way
* Covers drinking water and both marine and freshwater recreational bathing waters