Microcompartmentation and Phase Separation in Cytoplasm: A Survey of Cell Biology
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Contributorsxiii
- Prefacexv
- Part I: Physicochemical Properties Of Aqueous Phase Systems And Partitioning Behavior Of Biomaterial1
- Chapter 1. Compositions and Phase Diagrams for Aqueous Systems Based on Proteins and Polysaccharides3
- I. Introduction: Limited Compatibility of Macromolecular Compounds3
- II. Phase Diagrams7
- III. Factors Affecting Phase Behavior of Biopolymer Mixtures14
- IV. Features of the Composition-Property Relationships in Mixed Biopolymer Systems22
- V. Concluding Remarks26
- References27
- Chapter 2. Partitioning and Concentrating Biomaterials in Aqueous Phase Systems33
- I. Introduction33
- II. Aqueous Phase Systems35
- III. Partitioning of Biomaterials41
- IV. Concentration of Proteins55
- V. Concluding Remarks56
- References57
- Chapter 3. Effects of Specific Binding Reactions on the Partitioning Behavior of Biomaterials61
- I . Introduction61
- II. Theoretical Considerations of Affinity Partitioning63
- III. Selection of Ligands and Mode of Coupling67
- IV. Affinity Partitioning of Proteins71
- V. Partitioning of Genetically Engineered Proteins77
- VI. Factors influencing Affinity Partitioning of Proteins77
- VII. Affinity Partitioning of Cell Membranes and Cells82
- VIII. Affinity Partitioning of Nucleic Acids87
- IX. Concluding Remarks88
- References91
- Chapter 4. Properties of Interfaces and Transport Across Them99
- I. Introduction99
- II. Interfaces100
- III. Properties of Interfaces and Phases111
- IV. Equilibrium Partitioning across Interfaces119
- V. Transport across Interfaces124
- VI. The Time Scale for Phase Formation131
- VII. Summary132
- References134
- Chapter 5. Compartmentalization of Enzymes and Distribution of Products in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems137
- I. Introduction137
- II. Thermodynamic Forces for Partitioning of Proteins and Solutes between Two Aqueous Polymer Phases139
- III. Enzyme Reactions in Aqueous Phase Systems144
- IV. Concluding Remarks150
- References151
- Part II: Physicochemical Properties Of Cytoplasm153
- Chapter 6. Macromolecular Crowding and Its Consequences155
- I. Introduction: Phase Separation in Macromolecular Solutions155
- II. Macromolecular Crowding158
- III. Flory-Huggins Theory159
- IV. The Potential for Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in the Cytosol: A Flory-Huggins Model161
- V. Conclusion169
- References169
- Chapter 7. Lens Cytoplasmic Phase Separation171
- I. Introduction171
- II. Development of Transparency172
- III. Phase Separation and Lens Cytoplasmic Proteins173
- IV. Phase Diagrams for Lens Cytoplasmic Proteins175
- V. Effects of Composition on the Phase Diagram176
- VI. Endogenous Mechanisms for Regulation of Phase Separation180
- VII. Phase Separation and Cellular Stnrctures182
- VIII. Concluding Remarks184
- References184
- Chapter 8. Cytoarchitecture and Physical Properties of Cytoplasm: Volume, Viscosity, Diffusion, lntr189
- I. Introduction189
- II. Examining the Assumptions190
- III. Physical Properties of Cytoplasm (Measured)198
- IV. Concluding Remarks214
- References215
- Chapter 9. Intracellular Compartmentation of Organelles and Gradients of Low Molecular Weight Specie223
- I. Introduction223
- II. Compartmentation of Mitochondria within Mammalian Cells225
- III. lntracellular Gradients of O2228
- IV. lntracellular Gradients of Metabolites and Substrates235
- V. Regional Compartmentation of Ions in Aqueous Cytoplasm in Mammalian Cells243
- VI. Concluding Remarks248
- References249
- Chapter 10. Macromolecular Compartmentation and Channeling255
- I. introduction255
- II. Enzyme Interactions257
- Ill. Metabolic Channeling268
- IV. Cross-Linking Processes273
- V. One Future Direction275
- References276
- Chapter 11. The State of Water in Biological Systems281
- I. Introduction281
- II. Osmotic Behavior of Polar Solutes–Introduction to the Osmotic Intercept283
- III. Mitochondria-The Experimental Model285
- IV. Osmotic Equilibria in Mitochondria286
- V. Nonelectrolyte Distributions in Mitochondria290
- VI. Solute Distribution as a Function of Matrix Volume292
- Vll. Discussion296
- Vlll. Concluding Remarks300
- References301
- Chapter 12. Mechanisms for Cytoplasmic Organization: An Overview303
- I. Introduction303
- II. Cytoplasm as a Biochemical Environment: Compartmentation Is a Fundamental Characteristic304
- III. Mechanisms, Models, and Dynamics for Establishing and Maintaining Cytoplasmic Organization307
- IV. Concluding Remarks314
- References315
- Part III: Cytoplasm And Phase Separation319
- Chapter 13. Can Cytoplasm Exist without Undergoing Phase Separation?321
- I. Introduction321
- II. Cytoplasm of the Lens of the Eye322
- Ill. Role of Bound Water323
- IV. Role of Insoluble Structures325
- V. Phase and Interface Volumes325
- VI. Experimental Approaches to Detecting Phases in Cytoplasm326
- VII. Conclusions329
- References329
- Chapter 14. Consequences of Phase Separation in Cytoplasm331
- I. Introduction: General Thesis331
- ll. Visualizing Phase Separation in Cytoplasm332
- III. Visualizing Biomaterials in Phase-Separated Cytoplasm335
- IV. Aspects of Cytoplasmic Organization340
- V. Concluding Remarks341
- References343
- Index345
International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology-both plant and animal. Articles address structure and control of gene expression, nucleocytoplasmic interactions, control of cell development and differentiation, and cell transformation and growth. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research.
This volume provides an overview of major cytoplasmic properties and events which including cytoarchitecture and the physical properties of cytoplasm, molecular compartmentation and gradients, channeling, sorting, and trafficking. It also addresses physicochemical events, both measured and anticipated, which attend solutions under conditions prevailing in cytoplasm: molecular crowding. It summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field and considers questions such as how molecules in cytoplasm interact.
This volume provides an overview of major cytoplasmic properties and events which including cytoarchitecture and the physical properties of cytoplasm, molecular compartmentation and gradients, channeling, sorting, and trafficking. It also addresses physicochemical events, both measured and anticipated, which attend solutions under conditions prevailing in cytoplasm: molecular crowding. It summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field and considers questions such as how molecules in cytoplasm interact.