Modeling for All Scales: An Introduction to System Simulation
Odum, Howard T.; Odum, Elisabeth C.
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Locations of Modelsxv
- Prefacexvii
- PART ONE: MODELING1
- Chapter One. MODELING AND SIMULATION3
- 1.1 A Simple System of Storage and the Model TANK4
- 1.2 Parts and Wholes11
- 1.3 Representing Scale and Energy Hierarchy11
- 1.4 Summary of Procedure for Making a Concise Model15
- Chapter Two. ENERGY SYSTEMS DIAGRAMMING19
- 2.1 Translating Words into Symbols20
- 2.2 Pathways, Force, and Flow22
- 2.3 The Circulation of Material23
- 2.4 The Circulation of Money25
- 2.5 Precise Symbols25
- 2.6 Group Symbols33
- 2.7 The Maximum Power Principle37
- Chapter Three. NUMBERS ON NETWORKS39
- 3.1 Diagrams with Numbers of One Kind40
- 3.2 Diagrams with Energy Values44
- 3.3 Diagrams with Numbers of More Than One Kind45
- 3.4 Numbers for Flows between Two Storages47
- PART TWO: SIMULATION49
- Chapter Four. SIMULATION WITH PICTURE BLOCKS FOR EXTEND51
- 4.1 Extend52
- 4.2 Simulating Preassembled Minimodels54
- 4.3 Create and Simulate a Picture Model60
- 4.4 Bio Qust Models61
- 4.5 Specialized Icon Blocks for EXTEND62
- Chapter Five. SIMULATION WITH GENERAL SYSTEMS BLOCKS FOR EXTEND65
- 5.1 Energy Systems Symbols Preprogrammed as Icon Blocks for EXTEND66
- 5.2 EXTEND Models Using General Systems Blocks68
- 5.3 Entering Numbers in Dialog Boxes of GENSYS Blocks70
- 5.4 Entering Numbers for the Start of Simulation73
- 5.5 Graphs from Simulating PC&CYCLE with EXTEND74
- 5.6 Simulating the Earth System Model with Energy System Blocks75
- 5.7 Building New Models75
- Chapter Six. EQUATIONS FROM DIAGRAMS77
- 6.1 Equations for a Single Storage78
- 6.2 Equations for Step Simulation81
- 6.3 Step Simulation and Continuous Processes82
- 6.4 Equations from Systems Diagrams84
- 6.5 Translating Equations into Energy Systems Diagrams88
- 6.6 Mathematical Characteristics of Units90
- 6.7 Mathematics and Networks91
- 6.8 Simulating Equations with EXTEND93
- Chapter Seven. CALIBRATING MODELS95
- 7.1 Procedure for Calibrating a Model96
- 7.2 Calibrating a Model with a Spreadsheet Program99
- 7.3 Calibrating More Complex Models101
- Chapter Eight. SIMULATING WITH SPREADSHEET103
- 8.1 Procedure for Simulation with a Spreadsheet104
- 8.2 Simulating the Model FISH106
- Chapter Nine. PROGRAMMING IN BASIC109
- 9.1 Running a Simulation Model with QUICKBASIC111
- 9.2 Simulation with Calculations by Hand112
- 9.3 Writing a BASIC Program for the TANK Model114
- 9.4 Iteration Time118
- 9.5 Factors for Keeping Graphs on Scale119
- 9.6 Program Format and Use of Remarks in Programs121
- 9.7 Simulating Exponential Growth with Program EXPO122
- 9.8 Simulating Dispersal from Storage with Model DRAIN126
- 9.9 Simulating Production, Consumption, and Recycle with Model PC&CYCLE128
- 9.10 Useful Modeling and Programming Mechanisms132
- Chapter Ten. SIMULATING WITH STELLA133
- 10.1 Simulating the TANK Model Using STELLA134
- 10.2 Simulating the EXPO Model Using STELLA142
- 10.3 Production–Consumption–Recycle Model145
- 10.4 Comparison of Systems Languages149
- Chapter Eleven. SIMULATING EMERGY AND TRANSFORMITY151
- 11.1 Concepts152
- 11.2 Procedure for Simulating Emergy and Transformity154
- 11.3 Simulation Model EMFISH155
- 11.4 Emergy Storage Model EMGTANK with Depreciation Outflow Only158
- 11.5 Emergy in Inflow-Limited Autocatalytic Model RENEMGY160
- 11.6 Simulating International Emergy Exchange164
- 11.7 Emergy Simulation with EXTEND164
- PART THREE: FUNDAMENTAL MINIMODELS165
- Chapter Twelve. MODELS OF PRODUCTION AND RECYCLE169
- 12.1 Model of Net Production170
- 12.2 External Limiting Factors174
- 12.3 Internal Limiting Factors177
- 12.4 Model of Production and Consumption181
- 12.5 Model of Production and Oxygen in Aquatic Ecosystems184
- 12.6 Model of Logistic Autocatalytic Production and Recycle187
- Chapter Thirteen. MODELS OF GROWTH193
- 13.1 Model of Autocatalytic Growth on a Renewable Source194
- 13.2 Slowly Renewable Growth198
- 13.3 Growth on a Nonrenewable Source201
- 13.4 Growth on Two Sources: Renewable and Nonrenewable204
- 13.5 Model of Logistic Growth206
- Chapter Fourteen. MODELS OF COMPETITION AND COOPERATION211
- 14.1 Model of Competition for a Limited Source212
- 14.2 Model of Two Populations in Exponential Growth215
- 14.3 Model of Two Populations in Competitive Interactive Growth219
- 14.4 Model of Two Populations That Cooperate222
- Chapter Fifteen. MODELS OF SERIES AND OSCILLATION227
- 15.1 Model of Prey–Predator Oscillation228
- 15.2 Model of Oscillation at Three Levels230
- 15.3 Model of Switching Oscillation234
- 15.4 Model of Pulse and Recycle237
- 15.5 Model of Energy Applied to Recycle240
- 15.6 Model of the Chaos of One Oscillating Pair Driving Another244
- Chapter Sixteen. MINIMODELS OF SUCCESSION AND EVOLUTION249
- 16.1 Model of Wet Grassland250
- 16.2 Model of Succession253
- 16.3 Model of Excess Resource and Diversity258
- 16.4 Model of Species and Support Area262
- 16.5 Model of Island Speciation and Diversity265
- Chapter Seventeen. MODELS OF MICROECONOMICS271
- 17.1 Model of Sales with Price Inverse to Supply272
- 17.2 Model of Economic Use of Mined Resources274
- 17.3 Model of Loans, Interest, and Banking276
- 17.4 Model of Production, Consumption, and Circulating Money281
- 17.5 Model of Economic Use of Renewable Resources283
- 17.6 Model of the Economic Role of Biodiversity Reserve Areas286
- Chapter Eighteen. MODELS OF MACROECONOMIC OVERVIEW291
- 18.1 Model of Money-Driven Growth292
- 18.2 Model of Price in Relation to Unsustainable Growth294
- 18.3 Model of Textbook Macroeconomics297
- 18.4 Model of an Economy in Relation to Land Use300
- Chapter Nineteen. MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND TRADE305
- 19.1 Model of Trade and Empower306
- 19.2 Effects of a Global Economy on a Nation308
- 19.3 Model of Defense and War314
- 19.4 Model of Globally Shared Information318
- Chapter Twenty. MODELS OF THE GLOBAL GEOBIOSPHERE323
- 20.1 Model of World Carbon Dioxide324
- 20.2 Model of World Population328
- 20.3 Overview Model of Geological Processes in Earth Evolution332
- 20.4 Model of a State Driven by a World Minimodel335
- PART FOUR: APPLICATION341
- Chapter Twenty-One. MODELING PROJECTS AND COMPLEXITY343
- 21.1 Overview344
- 21.2 LAGOON: An Example of an Initial Project Model347
- 21.3 Complexity of Models352
- 21.4 Judging the Success of Simulation359
- Chapter Twenty-Two. SIMULATION APPROACHES363
- 22.1 Spatial Models364
- 22.2 Variation and Statistical Models370
- 22.3 Approaching Models through Mathematics374
- 22.4 Methods for Larger Simulation Programs376
- 22.5 Discrete Processes and Models380
- 22.6 Parallel Processing382
- 22.7 Frontiers and Perspectives383
- Appendix A. PROGRAMMING ENERGY SYSTEMS BLOCKS FOR SIMULATING WITH EXTEND385
- A.1 Programming Screens385
- A.2 Arrays Sharing Information among Blocks386
- A.3 Steps for Programming the Script388
- A.4 Converting Macintosh Blocks for Windows PCs398
- Appendix B. NOTES ON COMPUTER USE AND BASIC PROGRAMMING399
- B.1 QUICKBASIC for PCs and Windows PCs399
- B.2 PC BASICA400
- B.3 Macintosh QUICKBASIC402
- B.4 Macintosh CHIPMUNK BASIC403
- B.5 Helpful Hints for BASIC Programming406
- B.6 Use of Sine Waves for Varying Inputs408
- B.7 Use of an Array to Enter a Series of Inputs410
- Appendix C. ANSWERS TO ‘‘WHAT IF’’ EXPERIMENTAL PROBLEMS411
- Appendix D. USE OF ENERGY SYSTEMS SYMBOLS*433
- Appendix E. CONTENTS OF THE CD SUPPLIED WITH THIS BOOK441
- REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING445
- Index449
Book details
- Vendor Elsevier S & T
- SKU 9780125241700
- ISBN-13 9780080544366
- Author Odum, Howard T.; Odum, Elisabeth C.
- Category Science
- Subject Environmental Science
Do you have questions about this book?
All manner of models are used to describe, simulate, extrapolate, and ultimately understand the function of dynamic systems. These sorts of models are usually based upon a mathematical foundation that can be difficult to manipulate especially for students. Modeling for All Scales uses object-oriented programming to erect and evaluate the efficacy of models of small, intermediate and large scale systems. Such models allow users to employ intuitively based symbols and a systems ecology approach. The authors have been leaders in the systems ecology community and have originated much of the scientific vocabulary of the field. After introducing modeling and its benefits, there is a series of chapters detailing the more particular elements of successful simulation. There follows another series of chapters, each devoted to models of different sorts of systems. Small scale models of growth, competition, and evolution give way, successively, to larger and larger scale models such as international trade and the global geobiosphere. Anyone interested in an easy to use approach to modeling complex systems authored by perhaps the most original systems ecologists of the century will want this book. To further enhance the users ability to apply the lessons of this book, there is included a CD-ROM disc which provides the fundamental tools for modeling at all scales.
Key Features
* The book makes it possible to teach modeling and simulation without much prior knowledge of mathematics
* Reasons for modeling and simulation are discussed
* The book makes modeling and simulation fun by keeping focused on simplified overview minimodels that have important principles to science and society
* The steps in successive chapters are arranged so that readers can teach themselves modeling, simulation, and the programming necessary to simulate the systems they diagram
* The CD-ROM has minimodel programs and versions of QuickBasic and EXTEND to run them
Key Features
* The book makes it possible to teach modeling and simulation without much prior knowledge of mathematics
* Reasons for modeling and simulation are discussed
* The book makes modeling and simulation fun by keeping focused on simplified overview minimodels that have important principles to science and society
* The steps in successive chapters are arranged so that readers can teach themselves modeling, simulation, and the programming necessary to simulate the systems they diagram
* The CD-ROM has minimodel programs and versions of QuickBasic and EXTEND to run them
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