Monitoring of Water Quality: The Contribution of Advanced Technologies
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Table of contents
- Table of Contentsv
- I. Preface to the report and publication1
- II. Project summary3
- III. Conclusions4
- IV. Papers15
- REVIEWS15
- Chapter 1. Optical techniques for water monitoring15
- Chapter 2. Microbiological sensors for the monitoring of water quality37
- Chapter 3. Data mining of water quality data by chemometrical methods49
- Chapter 4. End user's view: state of the art, identification and prioritisation of needs55
- Chapter 5. Characterization of wastewater sludges: end user's view75
- Chapter 6. On-line measurement in waste water treatment plants: sensor development and assessment of89
- METHODS AND DEVELOPMENTS103
- Chapter 7. Fibre-optic chemical sensors: from molecular engineering to environmental analytical chem103
- Chapter 8. Optochemical sensors in water monitoring117
- Chapter 9. Microsystems for in situ measurement of vocs in groundwaters and soils137
- Chapter 10. Headspace analysis using conducting polymer sensor arrays151
- Chapter 11. Critical pH in cooling waters167
- Chapter 12. Advanced technologies for new parameters and measurement concepts177
- Chapter 13. Process flow rates reconciliation and data analysis191
- Chapter 14. Sensor needs for water monitoring207
- DISCUSSION PAPERS : USER'S VIEW207
- Chapter 15. Drinking water quality control, identification of needs for future research EPAL's persp221
- Chapter 16. Sensors for waste water : many needs but financial and technical limitations229
- Chapter 17. Needs and uses of continuous monitoring equipment for waste water treatment. Standardiza237
- Chapter 18. Improvement of water quality surveillance with the development of a new approach: integr245
- Chapter 19. Impact on the quality of the industrial siderurgical waters by replacing the classical b253
- V. Workshop programme263
- VI. List of participants267
Water can be considered as one of the basic elements supporting life and the natural environment, a primary component for industry, a consumer item for humans and animals and a vector for domestic and industrial pollution. Various European Directives already provide a framework for the control of aquatic substances, the quality of bathing, surface and drinking water and effluent control.
Such regulatory measures are closely related to analytical measurements. In order to comply with these regulations on a permanent basis, treatment plants and distribution companies, as well as water users and polluters, need to implement automated measuring techniques, such as sensors and other analytical tools in continuous or sequential mode to obtain suitable alarm systems and facilitate the management of water resources and decision making processes.
This approach is in continuous evolution within the European Union. In view of the consequences of wrong measurements, it is vital that reliable quality control systems be achieved and maintained. At present, only a small range of analytical parameters can be measured automatically, it is therefore necessary to develop and validate new methods to extend the list of parameters. The development of new methodologies requires that the most recent know-how in fields such as optics, electrochemistry, biochemistry, chemometrics and others be shared by experts.
In order to identify possible actions to be undertaken in the field of standards, measurements and testing for monitoring water quality, the Standards Measurements and Testing (SMT) Programme of the European Union, organised a European workshop that was held in Nancy 29-31 May 1997. This workshop bought together researchers and industrial users with the aim to make an overview of the present state-of-the-art, to consider possible improvements in existing techniques and the need and possibilities of developing new advanced technologies.
Such regulatory measures are closely related to analytical measurements. In order to comply with these regulations on a permanent basis, treatment plants and distribution companies, as well as water users and polluters, need to implement automated measuring techniques, such as sensors and other analytical tools in continuous or sequential mode to obtain suitable alarm systems and facilitate the management of water resources and decision making processes.
This approach is in continuous evolution within the European Union. In view of the consequences of wrong measurements, it is vital that reliable quality control systems be achieved and maintained. At present, only a small range of analytical parameters can be measured automatically, it is therefore necessary to develop and validate new methods to extend the list of parameters. The development of new methodologies requires that the most recent know-how in fields such as optics, electrochemistry, biochemistry, chemometrics and others be shared by experts.
In order to identify possible actions to be undertaken in the field of standards, measurements and testing for monitoring water quality, the Standards Measurements and Testing (SMT) Programme of the European Union, organised a European workshop that was held in Nancy 29-31 May 1997. This workshop bought together researchers and industrial users with the aim to make an overview of the present state-of-the-art, to consider possible improvements in existing techniques and the need and possibilities of developing new advanced technologies.