Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources
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Table of contents
- Contentsiii
- Forewordv
- List of Contributorsvii
- Chapter 1 The State of the Art1
- ABSTRACT1
- 1.1 THE CONTEXT1
- 1.2 VEGETABLE RESOURCES3
- 1.3 ANIMAL RESOURCES13
- 1.4 BACTERIAL POLYMERS14
- 1.5 CONCLUSIONS15
- REFERENCES15
- Chapter 2 Terpenes: Major Sources, Properties and Applications17
- ABSTRACT17
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION17
- 2.2 TURPENTINE19
- 2.3 TURPENTINE APPLICATIONS20
- 2.4 POLYMERS FROM TERPENES21
- 2.5 POLYTERPENE APPLICATIONS33
- 2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS34
- REFERENCES34
- Chapter 3 Materials from Vegetable Oils: Major Sources, Properties and Applications39
- ABSTRACT39
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION39
- 3.2 PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND FATTY ACIDS41
- 3.3 ISOLATION OF VEGETABLE OILS42
- 3.4 POLYMERS FROM VEGETABLE OILS43
- 3.5 CONCLUSIONS64
- REFERENCES64
- Chapter 4 Rosin: Major Sources, Properties and Applications67
- ABSTRACT67
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION67
- 4.2 ROSIN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION68
- 4.3 RESIN ACIDS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY70
- 4.4 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF ROSIN AND DERIVATIVES76
- 4.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS84
- REFERENCES84
- Chapter 5 Sugars as Monomers89
- ABSTRACT89
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION89
- 5.2 ALDITOLS90
- 5.3 ALDONIC ACIDS AND LACTONES98
- 5.4 ALDARIC ACIDS100
- 5.5 AMINOSUGARS102
- 5.6 MISCELLANEOUS108
- REFERENCES110
- Chapter 6 Furan Derivatives and Furan Chemistry at the Service of Macromolecular Materials115
- ABSTRACT115
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION115
- 6.2 THE FURAN HETEROCYCLE AND SOME OF ITS CHEMICAL FEATURES116
- 6.3 FURFURAL AND HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL118
- 6.4 FURAN MONOMERS120
- 6.5 POLYMERS FROM CHAIN REACTIONS122
- 6.6 POLYMERS FROM STEP-GROWTH REACTIONS127
- 6.7 CONJUGATED OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS138
- 6.8 THE APPLICATION OF THE DA REACTION TO FURAN POLYMERS142
- 6.9 MISCELLANEOUS DENDRIMERS147
- 6.10 THE AGING OF FURAN POLYMERS149
- 6.11 CONCLUSIONS150
- REFERENCES150
- Chapter 7 Surfactants from Renewable Sources: Synthesis and Applications153
- ABSTRACT153
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION153
- 7.2 CARBOHYDRATE-BASED SURFACTANTS155
- 7.3 SURFACTANTS BASED ON RRMs ENTIRELY FROM OLEOCHEMISTRY: POLYGLYCEROL ESTERS167
- 7.4 NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE PLANT-DERIVED CATIONIC EMULSIFIERS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND COSMETICS168
- 7.5 GEMINI SURFACTANTS AND BOLAAMPHIPHILES170
- 7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES174
- REFERENCES175
- Chapter 8 Tannins: Major Sources, Properties and Applications179
- ABSTRACT179
- 8.1 HISTORY OF TANNINS EXTRACTION179
- 8.2 MAJOR SOURCES180
- 8.3 USES181
- 8.4 TANNIN STRUCTURE181
- 8.5 ANALYSIS185
- 8.6 A FEW CONSIDERATIONS ON LEATHER MANUFACTURE185
- 8.7 TANNIN-BASED ADHESIVES186
- 8.8 TECHNOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL TANNIN ADHESIVES188
- 8.9 NEW CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES192
- 8.10 CEMENT SUPERPLASTICIZERS192
- 8.11 MEDICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS193
- REFERENCES198
- Chapter 9 Lignins: Major Sources, Structure and Properties201
- ABSTRACT201
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION201
- 9.2 NOMENCLATURE OF LIGNIN202
- 9.3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MONOLIGNOLS AND THE FORMATION OF LIGNIN202
- 9.4 MAJOR SOURCES OF LIGNIN205
- 9.5 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGNIN210
- 9.6 TECHNICAL LIGNINS216
- REFERENCES221
- Chapter 10 Industrial Commercial Lignins: Sources, Properties and Applications225
- ABSTRACT225
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION225
- 10.2 SULPHITE LIGNIN226
- 10.3 KRAFT LIGNIN230
- 10.4 SODA LIGNIN234
- 10.5 OTHER FUTURE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL LIGNINS237
- REFERENCES238
- Chapter 11 Lignins as Components of Macromolecular Materials243
- ABSTRACT243
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION243
- 11.2 LIGNINS AS PHYSICAL COMPONENTS244
- 11.3 LIGNINS AS MACROMONOMERS252
- 11.4 CARBON FIBRES AND OTHER GRAPHITIC MATERIALS263
- 11.5 LIGNIN SURFACES AND INTERFACES265
- 11.6 AROMATIC MONOMERS FROM LIGNIN AND MODEL POLYMERS265
- 11.7 CONCLUSIONS269
- REFERENCES269
- Chapter 12 Partial or Total Oxypropylation of Natural Polymers and the Use of the Ensuing Materials273
- ABSTRACT273
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION273
- 12.2 ‘TOTAL’ OXYPROPYLATION275
- 12.3 POLYURETHANE FOAMS282
- 12.4 PARTIAL OXYPROPYLATION283
- 12.5 CONCLUSION287
- REFERENCES287
- Chapter 13 Hemicelluloses: Major Sources, Properties and Applications289
- ABSTRACT289
- 13.1 STRUCTURE, SOURCES AND PROPERTIES289
- 13.2 APPLICATIONS298
- 13.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS299
- REFERENCES300
- Chapter 14 Cork and Suberins: Major Sources, Properties and Applications305
- ABSTRACT305
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION305
- 14.2 CORK306
- 14.3 SUBERIN308
- 14.4 APPLICATIONS OF SUBERIN AND SUBERIN COMPONENTS312
- 14.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS318
- REFERENCES318
- Chapter 15 Starch: Major Sources, Properties and Applications as Thermoplastic Materials321
- ABSTRACT321
- 15.1 INTRODUCTION321
- 15.2 MAIN SOURCES OF STARCH322
- 15.3 STRUCTURE OF STARCH GRANULES322
- 15.4 DISRUPTION OF STARCH GRANULES325
- 15.5 APPLICATIONS OF STARCH AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR PLASTIC PRODUCTION327
- 15.6 THERMOPLASTIC STARCH328
- 15.7 CONCLUSIONS336
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS337
- REFERENCES337
- Chapter 16 Cellulose Chemistry: Novel Products and Synthesis Paths343
- ABSTRACT343
- 16.1 INTRODUCTION343
- 16.2 CARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS343
- 16.3 NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS WITH CELLULOSE354
- 16.4 ETHERIFICATION OF CELLULOSE355
- 16.5 CONCLUSIONS363
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS363
- REFERENCES364
- Chapter 17 Bacterial Cellulose from Glucanacetobacter xylinus: Preparation, Properties and Applicati369
- ABSTRACT369
- 17.1 INTRODUCTION369
- 17.2 CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS370
- 17.3 PROPERTIES373
- 17.4 APPLICATIONS378
- 17.5 CONCLUSIONS382
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS382
- REFERENCES382
- Chapter 18 Surface Modification of Cellulose Fibres385
- ABSTRACT385
- 18.1 INTRODUCTION385
- 18.2 SUBSTRATES AND METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION386
- 18.3 SURFACE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES386
- 18.4 CONCLUSIONS397
- REFERENCES398
- Chapter 19 Cellulose-Based Composites and Nanocomposites401
- ABSTRACT401
- 19.1 INTRODUCTION401
- 19.2 NATURAL FIBRES402
- 19.3 COMPOSITES405
- 19.4 COMPOSITE PROCESSING406
- 19.5 COMPOSITE PROPERTIES406
- 19.6 NANOCOMPOSITES413
- 19.7 CONCLUSIONS416
- REFERENCES417
- Chapter 20 Chemical Modification of Wood419
- ABSTRACT419
- 20.1 INTRODUCTION419
- 20.2 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION420
- 20.3 CONCLUSIONS430
- REFERENCES430
- Chapter 21 Polylactic Acid: Synthesis, Properties and Applications433
- ABSTRACT433
- 21.1 INTRODUCTION433
- 21.2 SYNTHESIS OF PLA434
- 21.3 PLA PROPERTIES439
- 21.4 DEGRADATION443
- 21.5 PROCESSING445
- 21.6 APPLICATIONS447
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS448
- REFERENCES448
- Chapter 22 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Origin, Properties and Applications451
- ABSTRACT451
- 22.1 INTRODUCTION451
- 22.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW452
- 22.3 PREPARATION, SYNTHESIS454
- 22.4 STRUCTURE459
- 22.5 ULTIMATE PROPERTIES460
- 22.6 THERMAL AND HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION464
- 22.7 MODIFICATION466
- 22.8 PROCESSING468
- 22.9 APPLICATIONS470
- 22.10 PRODUCERS472
- 22.11 OUTLOOK473
- REFERENCES473
- Chapter 23 Proteins as Sources of Materials479
- ABSTRACT479
- 23.1 INTRODUCTION479
- 23.2 STRUCTURES479
- 23.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES481
- 23.4 IMPORTANT PROTEINS AS SOURCES OF MATERIALS482
- 23.5 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AS MATERIALS484
- REFERENCES492
- Chapter 24 Polyelectrolytes Derived from Natural Polysaccharides495
- ABSTRACT495
- 24.1 INTRODUCTION495
- 24.2 POLYELECTROLYTE CHARACTERIZATION495
- 24.3 CELLULOSE IONIC DERIVATIVES498
- 24.4 STARCH IONIC DERIVATIVES501
- 24.5 SEAWEED POLYSACCHARIDES502
- 24.6 PECTINS509
- 24.7 GALACTOMANNAN IONIC DERIVATIVES511
- 24.8 LIGNINS AND LIGNOSULPHONATES512
- 24.9 CONCLUSION512
- REFERENCES512
- Chapter 25 Chitin and Chitosan: Major Sources, Properties and Applications517
- ABSTRACT517
- 25.1 INTRODUCTION517
- 25.2 METHODS OF PREPARATION518
- 25.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN521
- 25.4 INTERACTION WITH METAL IONS526
- 25.5 CHITOSAN IN POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES527
- 25.6 APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY530
- 25.7 APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE532
- 25.8 APPLICATIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY532
- 25.9 APPLICATIONS IN COSMETICS533
- 25.10 OTHER APPLICATIONS534
- REFERENCES534
- Index543
- A543
- B543
- C544
- D545
- E546
- F546
- G546
- H547
- I547
- J547
- K547
- L547
- M548
- N548
- O548
- P548
- Q550
- R550
- S550
- T551
- U551
- V552
- W552
- X552
- Y552
- Z552
- Colour Plate553
The progressive dwindling of fossil resources, coupled with the drastic increase in oil prices, have sparked a feverish activity in search of alternatives based on renewable resources for the production of energy.
Given the predominance of petroleum- and carbon-based chemistry for the manufacture of organic chemical commodities, a similar preoccupation has recently generated numerous initiatives aimed at replacing these fossil sources with renewable counterparts. In particular, major efforts are being conducted in the field of polymer science and technology to prepare macromolecular materials based on renewable resources. The concept of the bio-refinery, viz. the rational exploitation of the vegetable biomass in terms of the separation of its components and their utilisation as such, or after suitable chemical modifications, is thus gaining momentum and considerable financial backing from both the public and private sectors.
This collection of chapters, each one written by internationally recognised experts in the corresponding field, covers in a comprehensive fashion all the major aspects related to the synthesis, characterization and properties of macromolecular materials prepared using renewable resources as such, or after appropriate modifications. Thus, monomers such as terpenes and furans, oligomers like rosin and tannins, and polymers ranging from cellulose to proteins and including macromolecules synthesized by microbes, are discussed with the purpose of showing the extraordinary variety of materials that can be prepared from their intelligent exploitation.
Particular emphasis has been placed on recent advances and imminent perspectives, given the incessantly growing interest that this area is experiencing in both the scientific and technological realms.
- Discusses bio-refining with explicit application to materials
- Replete with examples of applications of the concept of sustainable development
- Presents an impressive variety of novel macromolecular materials
Given the predominance of petroleum- and carbon-based chemistry for the manufacture of organic chemical commodities, a similar preoccupation has recently generated numerous initiatives aimed at replacing these fossil sources with renewable counterparts. In particular, major efforts are being conducted in the field of polymer science and technology to prepare macromolecular materials based on renewable resources. The concept of the bio-refinery, viz. the rational exploitation of the vegetable biomass in terms of the separation of its components and their utilisation as such, or after suitable chemical modifications, is thus gaining momentum and considerable financial backing from both the public and private sectors.
This collection of chapters, each one written by internationally recognised experts in the corresponding field, covers in a comprehensive fashion all the major aspects related to the synthesis, characterization and properties of macromolecular materials prepared using renewable resources as such, or after appropriate modifications. Thus, monomers such as terpenes and furans, oligomers like rosin and tannins, and polymers ranging from cellulose to proteins and including macromolecules synthesized by microbes, are discussed with the purpose of showing the extraordinary variety of materials that can be prepared from their intelligent exploitation.
Particular emphasis has been placed on recent advances and imminent perspectives, given the incessantly growing interest that this area is experiencing in both the scientific and technological realms.
- Discusses bio-refining with explicit application to materials
- Replete with examples of applications of the concept of sustainable development
- Presents an impressive variety of novel macromolecular materials