Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
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Table of contents
- Mycorrhizal symbiosisiii
- Copyright pageiv
- Contentsv
- Prefacevii
- Introduction1
- Section 1 Arbuscular mycorrhizas11
- Chapter 1 The symbionts forming arbuscular mycorrhizas13
- Introduction13
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi15
- The range of plants forming arbuscular mycorrhizas26
- Non-mycorrhizal plants30
- Fossil history of arbuscular mycorrhizas32
- Fungus–plant specificity34
- Ecological considerations38
- Conclusions40
- Chapter 2 Colonization of roots and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas42
- Introduction42
- Sources of inoculum–overview42
- Morphology and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas55
- Conclusions89
- Chapter 3 Genetic, cellular and molecular interactions in the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza91
- Introduction91
- Key steps in colonization95
- Cytological changes during root colonization96
- Genetic approaches to understanding AM colonization – interactions of AM fungi with non-hosts and100
- Changes in gene transcription during AM colonization109
- Effects of AM colonization on plant defence responses112
- Conclusions115
- Chapter 4 Growth and carbon economy of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts117
- Introduction117
- Effects of AM colonization on plant nutrition and growth – overview118
- C transfer to the fungal partner122
- Cost-benefit analysis132
- Variations in AM responsiveness of plants134
- AM mycelial links between plants: importance in carbon allocation in a plant community141
- Conclusions143
- Chapter 5 Mineral nutrition, toxic element accumulation and water relations of arbuscular mycorrhiza145
- Introduction145
- Phosphorus availability in soil147
- Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on plant phosphorus nutrition148
- Nitrogen nutrition171
- Uptake of other nutrients175
- Interplant transfer of nutrients181
- Water relations182
- Conclusions186
- Section 2 Ectomycorrhizas189
- Chapter 6 Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots191
- Introduction191
- Taxonomic, evolutionary and geographic aspects of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis192
- Specificity in ectomycorrhizal symbioses209
- Genetics of ectomycorrhizal fungi211
- The formation of ectomycorrhizas216
- Molecular approaches to the study of ectomycorrhizal communities262
- Succession and replacement of fungi on roots and root systems266
- Conclusions267
- Chapter 7 Ectendo- and arbutoid mycorrhizas269
- Introduction269
- Ectendomycorrhizas270
- Ectendomycorrhizal fungi274
- The occurrence, taxonomic status and function of dark septate (DS) fungi275
- Arbutoid mycorrhizas279
- Conclusions293
- Chapter 8 Growth and carbon allocation of ectomycorrhizal symbionts295
- Introduction295
- Carbon supplies for ectomycorrhizal fungi300
- Carbon distribution in intact plant–fungus systems308
- Non-nutritional effects upon carbon assimilation313
- Community level patterns of carbon allocation316
- Conclusions319
- Chapter 9 Nitrogen mobilization and nutrition in ectomycorrhizal plants321
- Introduction321
- Use of N by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture322
- Use of N by mycorrhizal roots and intact plants332
- Conclusions346
- Chapter 10 Phosphorus and base cation nutrition, heavy metal accumulation and water relations of ect349
- Introduction349
- Uptake of P by excised ECM and non-mycorrhizal roots350
- Phosphate absorption in intact plants359
- Sources and mobilization of P in soil364
- Mobilization, uptake and translocation of potassium368
- Release, uptake and transport of magnesium371
- Mobilization, uptake and transport of calcium374
- Effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization on resistance to metal ion toxicity375
- Effects of ECM colonization on plant water relations378
- Conclusions384
- Section 3 Ericoid, orchid and mycoheterotrophic mycorrhizas387
- Chapter 11 Ericoid mycorrhizas389
- Introduction389
- The colonization process393
- Penetration of the plant wall395
- Features of intracellular colonization396
- The fungi forming ericoid mycorrhizas399
- Functional aspects of ericoid mycorrhizas405
- Conclusions417
- Chapter 12 Mycorrhizas of green orchids419
- Introduction419
- The fungi forming mycorrhizas in green orchids422
- Nutritional characteristics of the fungi433
- Seed and protocorm development435
- Mycorrhizal colonization of protocorms435
- Mycorrhizas in adult orchids443
- Transfer of nutrients between symbionts446
- Mechanisms of transfer451
- Host–fungus interactions in the protocorm – mycorrhizal or not?452
- Conclusions456
- Chapter 13 Mycorrhizas in achlorophyllous plants (mycoheterotrophs)458
- Introduction458
- Fungal associations and specificity in monotropoid mycorrhizas462
- The structure of monotropoid mycorrhizas470
- Fungal associations and specificity in mycoheterotrophic orchids477
- Structural aspects of mycorrhiza in mycoheterotrophic orchids484
- Mycoheterotrophic plants with arbuscular mycorrhizas486
- Functions of mycoheterotrophic mycorrhizas494
- Conclusions503
- Chapter 14 Fungal symbioses in lower land plants507
- Introduction507
- Fungal symbioses in liverworts508
- The structures of liverwort–fungus symbioses511
- Conclusions520
- Section 4 Functioning of mycorrhizas in broader contexts523
- Chapter 15 The roles of mycorrhizas in successional processes and in selected biomes525
- Introduction525
- The roles of mycorrhizal colonization in primary succession526
- The role of mycorrhiza in secondary successions533
- Mycorrhizas in Arctic, Antarctic and alpine biomes535
- Mycorrhizas in heathland541
- Mycorrhizas in boreal and temperate forest biomes546
- Mycorrhizas in tropical and subtropical biomes563
- Conclusions571
- Chapter 16 Mycorrhizas in ecological interactions573
- Introduction573
- Roles of mycorrhizas in mediating effects at the level of single plant species574
- Multitrophic interactions598
- AM hyphae and soil structure607
- Conclusions609
- Chapter 17 Mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry611
- Introduction611
- Arbuscular mycorrhizas in agriculture and horticulture611
- Ectomycorrhizas and forest production625
- Edible mycorrhizal fungi632
- Conclusions635
- References637
- Index769
- A769
- B770
- C771
- D773
- E773
- F775
- G776
- H777
- I777
- K778
- L778
- M778
- N780
- O781
- P782
- Q784
- R784
- S785
- T786
- U787
- V787
- W787
- Y787
- Z787
- Colour plates789
The roots of most plants are colonized by symbiotic fungi to form mycorrhiza, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil and therefore in plant nutrition. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is recognized as the definitive work in this area. Since the last edition was published there have been major advances in the field, particularly in the area of molecular biology, and the new edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate these exciting new developments.
• Over 50% new material
• Includes expanded color plate section
• Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza
• Presents new taxonomy
• Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area
• Over 50% new material
• Includes expanded color plate section
• Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza
• Presents new taxonomy
• Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area