Neurobiology of Hyperthermia
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Copyright pageiv
- List of Contributorsv
- Prefaceix
- Contentsxv
- Section I: Fever and Hyperthermia1
- Chapter 1. The onset of fever: new insights into its mechanism3
- Introduction3
- Pyrogen activation of the brain: the role of the vagus4
- PGE2, not cytokines, is the peripheral fever trigger5
- Contribution of preoptic PGE2 to fever production6
- Conclusions11
- Acknowledgments11
- References11
- Chapter 2. Eicosanoids in non-febrile thermoregulation15
- Introduction15
- Prostaglandins16
- Leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase products of AA20
- Conjugates of AA21
- Conclusions22
- Abbreviations22
- Acknowledgments23
- References23
- Section II: Physiological Mechanisms in Hyperthermia27
- Chapter 3. Exercise and heat stress: cerebral challenges and consequences29
- Introduction: the hot and hard working brain29
- Central fatigue and critical internal temperatures30
- Cerebral thermodynamic responses during exercise34
- Cerebral blood flow and metabolism38
- Neurohumoral responses in relation to hyperthermia-induced fatigue39
- Conclusions40
- Abbreviations40
- References40
- Chapter 4. Neuropsychological determinants of exercise tolerance in the heat45
- Introduction45
- Neuropsychological responses to hyperthermia46
- Heat stress countermeasures53
- Summary56
- Acknowledgments56
- References56
- Section III: Drugs and Hyperthermia61
- Chapter 5. Thermophysiological responses to hyperthermic drugs: extrapolating from rodent to human63
- Introduction63
- Thermoregulatory profile and hyperthermic efficacy of drugs64
- Ambient temperature and potential hyperthermic response66
- Patterns of drug toxicity as function of temperature68
- Extrapolating from rodent to human69
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)71
- Interaction between hyperthermia and drug toxicity74
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS)76
- Conclusions78
- Acknowledgements78
- References78
- Chapter 6. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and serotonin syndrome81
- Introduction81
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome82
- Serotonin syndrome90
- References102
- Section IV: Therapeutic Hyperthermia and Consequences105
- Chapter 7. Radio frequency electromagnetic fields: mild hyperthermia and safety standards107
- Introduction107
- Dosimetry of radio frequency electromagnetic fields108
- Thermoregulation2112
- Behavioral effects of RF-EMF exposure120
- Basis of safety standards128
- Conclusions130
- Disclaimer131
- References131
- Chapter 8. The effect of induced hyperthermia on the immune system137
- Introduction137
- Basic effects of hyperthermia138
- Effects of heat on the immune system140
- Lymphocyte apoptosis as part of immune regulation and putative effect of therapeutical hyperthermia144
- Conclusion148
- References149
- Chapter 9. Cerebral pathophysiology and clinical neurology of hyperthermia in humans153
- Introduction153
- Therapeutic hyperthermia in humans154
- Fever in neurologically injured patients161
- Conclusions165
- Abbreviations165
- References166
- Section V: Hyperthermia and Brain Pathology171
- Chapter 10. Methods to produce hyperthermia-induced brain dysfunction173
- Introduction173
- Model of whole-body hyperthermia178
- Conclusion191
- Acknowledgments191
- References192
- Chapter 11. Hyperthermia and central nervous system injury201
- Introduction201
- Global ischemia202
- Focal ischemia204
- Traumatic brain injury204
- Spinal cord injury205
- Gender206
- Dissociation between brain and core temperature207
- Rewarming phase207
- Adverse effects of fever in the clinic208
- Mechanisms of hyperthermic response after CNS injury208
- Hyperthermic mechanisms of damage208
- Management of hyperthermia210
- Summary211
- Acknowledgments211
- References211
- Chapter 12. Physiological and pathological brain hyperthermia219
- Introduction219
- Brain hyperthermia as a physiological phenomenon220
- Brain temperature as a factor inducing or potentiating neuronal damage231
- Pharmacological brain hyperthermia233
- Brain temperature as a factor affecting neuronal and neurochemical evaluations236
- Conclusions239
- Abbreviations239
- Acknowledgments239
- References240
- Chapter 13. Nanoparticles aggravate heat stress induced cognitive deficits, blood-brain barrier disr245
- Introduction245
- Nanoparticles and neurotoxicity: an emerging new concept?246
- Translocation of nanoparticles in the biological system247
- Nanoparticles and blood-brain barrier function249
- Nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and formation of free radicals253
- Nanoparticles enhance tumor temperature after thermotherapy253
- Our investigations on the influence of nanoparticles on brain dysfunction254
- Effect of nanoparticles in normal animals255
- Effect of nanoparticles on heat-stressed animals262
- Conclusion268
- Acknowledgments269
- References269
- Section VI: Neurochemicals and Hyperthermia275
- Chapter 14. Neuropeptides in hyperthermia277
- Introduction277
- Neuropeptide biosynthesis, processing, and inactivation278
- Neuropeptide receptors283
- Measurements of neuropeptides in heat stress284
- Neuropeptides in hyperthermia284
- Conclusions289
- Acknowledgments289
- References289
- Chapter 15. Interaction between amino acid neurotransmitters and opioid receptors in hyperthermia-in295
- Introduction295
- Problems of hyperthermia among human populations296
- Amino acid neurotransmitters in thermoregulation296
- Amino acid neurotransmitters in pathophysiology of hyperthermia296
- Opioids and hyperthermia297
- Animal models of hyperthermia298
- Alterations in amino acid neurotransmitters in hyperthermia298
- Brain pathology in hyperthermia301
- Regional blood-brain barrier permeability in hyperthermia305
- Regional cerebral blood flow in hyperthermia305
- Regional brain edema307
- Cognitive and motor function deficits in hyperthermia308
- Stress symptoms and physiological variables in hyperthermia310
- Probable mechanisms of amino acid and opioid interaction in hyperthermia311
- Conclusion312
- Acknowledgements312
- References313
- Section VII: Hyperthermia and Gene Expression319
- Chapter 16. Exertional heat illness and human gene expression321
- Introduction321
- Physiology of exertional hyperthermia and exertional heat illness322
- Cellular responses to heat325
- The heat shock response in animal models328
- Heat shock responses and moderate (febrile-range) hyperthermia328
- Effect of acute physical exercise on gene expression in humans328
- Gene expression changes in PBMCs caused by exertional heat injury334
- Summary342
- Acknowledgments and disclaimer343
- References343
- Chapter 17. Cellular mechanisms of neuronal damage from hyperthermia347
- Introduction347
- The developing nervous system is especially vulnerable to hyperthemia348
- Hyperthermia exacerbates post-ischemic neuronal death349
- Cellular mechanisms of neuronal damage from hyperthermia350
- Evidence for caspase activation in heat-stressed neurons350
- Excitotoxic contribution to hyperthermia-induced neuronal death353
- Hyperthermia-induced activation of death mechanisms upstream of caspase activation354
- Mitochondrial damage contributes to hyperthermia-induced neuronal death355
- Do reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to hyperthermic stress?357
- Protein misfolding may contribute to hyperthermia-induced neuronal death358
- Molecular chaperone and protein recycling systems normally protect against hyperthermia359
- Possible contribution of Fas death receptors to hyperthermia-induced damage360
- Possible contribution of DNA damage to hyperthermia-induced death360
- Possible contribution of cytoskeletal damage to hyperthermia-induced death361
- Possible involvement of MAP and JNK kinase pathways in hyperthermia-induced neuronal damage361
- Mechanisms underlying the synergistic damaging effects of combined hyperthermia and ischemia362
- Conclusions363
- Abbreviations363
- Acknowledgments364
- References364
- Chapter 18. Heat acclimation and cross-tolerance against novel stressors: genomic–physiological li373
- Introduction374
- Heat acclimation: the general concept374
- Heat acclimation and plasticity of the autonomic responses375
- Heat acclimation „ what do genes and their products tell us?377
- The cross-tolerance and interference phenomena381
- Summary389
- Acknowledgment389
- References389
- Section VIII: Heat Shock Proteins in Hyperthermia393
- Chapter 19. Heat shock protein expression in brain: a protective role spanning intrinsic thermal res395
- Introduction395
- Constitutive expression of heat shock proteins in the brain399
- Hyperthermic induction of heat shock proteins in the brain401
- Hyperthermic induction of heat shock proteins and viral neurovirulence408
- Conclusions410
- Abbreviations410
- Acknowledgments411
- References411
- Chapter 20. Cerebral neurons and glial cell types inducing heat shock protein Hsp70 following heat s417
- Introduction417
- Neuroglia, but not neurons, express Hsp70 following heat stress in vivo418
- Oligodendrocytes are major producers of Hsp70 in the hyperthermic brain418
- Nuclear translocation of Hsp70420
- Neuroglial cells in culture423
- Proteotoxic stress by sodium arsenite mimics the cellular distribution of Hsp70 following hypertherm424
- Cerebral vessels increase Hsp70 staining following heat stress425
- Neuronal Hsp70 non-responsiveness to heat stress427
- Abbreviations428
- Acknowledgments428
- References428
- Chapter 21. Heat shock proteins and the heat shock response during hyperthermia and its modulation b433
- Introduction433
- Heat shock proteins: an introductory overview434
- Heat stroke and hyperthermia435
- Aging impedes coping with hyperthermia: is central HSP70 important?438
- Heat acclimation modulates the heat shock response during hyperthermia439
- Physical activity alters brain HSP and cytokine responses to immunological challenges440
- Summary442
- References443
- Section IX: Hyperthermia and Cerebrospinal Fluid447
- Chapter 22. Changes in CSF composition during heat stress and fever in conscious rabbits449
- Introduction449
- Experimental models for induction of fever and hyperthermia450
- Effect of heat-stress-induced hyperthermia on CSF taurine, GABA, aspartate and glutamate contents451
- Effect of IL-1-induced fever on CSF taurine, GABA, aspartate and glutamate contents453
- Effect of heat-stress-induced hyperthermia on CSF calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium contents453
- Effect of IL-1-induced fever on CSF calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium contents454
- Concluding remarks455
- Acknowledgments456
- References456
- Chapter 23. Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier in hyperthermia459
- An overview of the CNS barriers or transport interfaces459
- A comparative analysis of the blood–CSF vs. blood–brain barriers461
- Altered CSF composition: how much is due to a disrupted blood–CSF barrier?464
- Why study the effects of heat stress on the ’barriers’ in the CNS?467
- Hyperthermia-induced damage to choroid plexus and neighboring CSF–brain regions467
- Neuropathological vs. neurotherapeutic roles of the choroid plexus–CSF system: future studies473
- Acknowledgments474
- References474
- Section X: Heat Stroke and Hyperthermia479
- Chapter 24. Heat stroke and cytokines481
- The heat illness continuum482
- Epidemiology of heat wave mortalities482
- Systemic responses to heat stroke484
- Cytokines and heat stroke492
- Heat shock proteins507
- Heat shock proteins and cytokines511
- Aging and heat stroke512
- Conclusion514
- Abbreviations514
- Acknowledgments514
- References515
- Chapter 25. Oxidative stress and ischemic injuries in heat stroke525
- Oxidative stress in rats with heat stroke-induced cerebral ischemia525
- Protective effects of α-tocopherol, mannitol, and magnolol on oxidative damage and cerebral ischemi528
- Protective effects of heat shock preconditioning on oxidative stress during heat stroke531
- Progressive exercise preconditioning protects against oxidative damage and cerebral ischemia during534
- Chinese herbal medicine, Shengmai San, is effective for improving oxidative damage and cerebral isch539
- Hypervolemic hemodilution attenuates oxidative and ischemic damage during heat stroke540
- Possible role played by oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia during heat stroke543
- Acknowledgments544
- References544
- Subject Index547
The effects of global warming on human health factors with special regards to our brain function are still not well understood. There is an urgent need to expand our knowledge on the effects of hot environment on our brain functions in healthy and in diseased populations. It is still unclear whether infectious events, traumatic injuries, metabolic diseases, carcinogenic events, cardiovascular and respiratory functions will be adversely affected by the rise in global temperature or whether environmental pollutants, such as nanoparticles entered into our body system will produce more damage at high ambient temperatures. This book aims to answer these questions based on recent research carried out by top experts in the field from the USA (11 chapters), Europe (8) chapters), the Middle East (3 chapters), Asia (2 chapters) and Canada (1).
These chapters are written in review style and embedded with the author’s new and original data in relation to the current knowledge in the field. The book is highly interesting to the first time readers, beginners and students alike as well as provides in-depth knowledge to the professionals. In addition, prospects for future research and recommendations are clearly indicated in each chapter for future growth of the subject in this highly emerging new discipline.
* Describes the importance of brain temperature and hyperthermia in disease processes
* Presents research on the first observations on Nanoparticles that worsen the outcome of hyperthermia
* Discusses the effects of hyperthermia on the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers
These chapters are written in review style and embedded with the author’s new and original data in relation to the current knowledge in the field. The book is highly interesting to the first time readers, beginners and students alike as well as provides in-depth knowledge to the professionals. In addition, prospects for future research and recommendations are clearly indicated in each chapter for future growth of the subject in this highly emerging new discipline.
* Describes the importance of brain temperature and hyperthermia in disease processes
* Presents research on the first observations on Nanoparticles that worsen the outcome of hyperthermia
* Discusses the effects of hyperthermia on the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers