New Carbons - Control of Structure and Functions
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Prefacev
- Chapter 1. Old but New Materials: "Carbons"1
- 1.1. Carbon Materials1
- 1.2. Carbon Family6
- 1.3. Purpose of the Present Book13
- 1.4. Characterization Techniques for Carbon Materials14
- Chapter 2. Highly Oriented Graphites30
- 2.1. What are Highly Oriented Graphites?30
- 2.2. Kish Graphite31
- 2.3. Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG)35
- 2.4. Graphite Film Derived from Polyimides39
- Chapter 3. Isotropic Carbons58
- 3.1. Realization of Isotropic Nature58
- 3.2. Isotropic High-density Graphites60
- 3.3. Glass-like Carbons68
- Chapter 4. Carbon Fibers82
- 4.1. Classification of Carbon Fibers82
- 4.2. Production85
- 4.3. Structure100
- 4.4. Properties and Applications110
- Chapter 5. Porous Carbons124
- 5.1. Formation of Pores in Carbon Materials124
- 5.2. Characterization of Pores129
- 5.3. Control of Pores132
- 5.4. Applications135
- Chapter 6. Intercalation Compounds146
- 6.1. Structural Characteristics146
- 6.2. Synthesis157
- 6.3. Functions Related to Applications165
- Chapter 7. Carbon Composites177
- 7.1. Carbon Materials as Composites177
- 7.2. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics178
- 7.3. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete179
- 7.4. Carbon/Ceramics Composites188
- 7.5. Carbon Fiber/Carbon Composites198
- Chapter 8. Concluding Remarks212
- Acknowledgements217
- References218
- Subject Index225
The discovery of fullerenes and nanotubes has greatly stimulated the interest of scientists and engineers in carbon materials, and has resulted in much scientific research. These materials have provided us with many interesting ideas and potential applications, some of them practical and some simply dreams for the future.
In the early 1960s, carbon fibers, glass-like carbons and pyrolytic carbons were developed which were quite different from the carbon materials that had previously been used. Carbon fibers exhibited surprisingly good mechanical properties, glass-like carbons exhibited brittle fracture resulting in a conchoidal fracture surface similar to sodium glass, and giving no carbon dust, and pyrolytic carbons were produced by a new production process of chemical vapour deposition and showed very high anisotropy. These carbons materials made a great impact not only on the carbon community who had been working on carbon materials but also on people working in the fields of materials science and engineering. They were used to develop a variety of new applications in technological fields, such as semiconductors, microelectronics, aerospace and high temperature, etc. These newly developed carbon materials were called NEW CARBONS, in comparison with carbon materials such as artificial graphites represented by graphite electrodes, carbon blacks and activated carbons, which maybe thought of as CLASSICAL CARBONS. Later, other new carbons, such as activated carbons and those with novel functions, isotropic high-density graphites, intercalation compounds, various composites, etc., were developed.
In 1994, Professor Michio Inagaki published a book entitled "New Carbon Materials — Structure and Functions" with his friend Professor Yoshihiro Hishiyama of Musashi Institute of Technology, published by Gihoudou Shuppan in Japanese. However, progress in the fields of these new carbons is so rapid that the previous book is already out of date. For this reason the author has decided to write an English text on New Carbons. The text focuses on New Carbons based on hexagonal networks of carbon-atoms, i.e. graphite-related materials. The fundamental concept underlying this book is that the structure and functions of these materials are principally governed by their texture. The aim is to give readers a comprehensive understanding of New Carbons through the description of their structure and texture, along with the properties that are largely dependent on them.
In the early 1960s, carbon fibers, glass-like carbons and pyrolytic carbons were developed which were quite different from the carbon materials that had previously been used. Carbon fibers exhibited surprisingly good mechanical properties, glass-like carbons exhibited brittle fracture resulting in a conchoidal fracture surface similar to sodium glass, and giving no carbon dust, and pyrolytic carbons were produced by a new production process of chemical vapour deposition and showed very high anisotropy. These carbons materials made a great impact not only on the carbon community who had been working on carbon materials but also on people working in the fields of materials science and engineering. They were used to develop a variety of new applications in technological fields, such as semiconductors, microelectronics, aerospace and high temperature, etc. These newly developed carbon materials were called NEW CARBONS, in comparison with carbon materials such as artificial graphites represented by graphite electrodes, carbon blacks and activated carbons, which maybe thought of as CLASSICAL CARBONS. Later, other new carbons, such as activated carbons and those with novel functions, isotropic high-density graphites, intercalation compounds, various composites, etc., were developed.
In 1994, Professor Michio Inagaki published a book entitled "New Carbon Materials — Structure and Functions" with his friend Professor Yoshihiro Hishiyama of Musashi Institute of Technology, published by Gihoudou Shuppan in Japanese. However, progress in the fields of these new carbons is so rapid that the previous book is already out of date. For this reason the author has decided to write an English text on New Carbons. The text focuses on New Carbons based on hexagonal networks of carbon-atoms, i.e. graphite-related materials. The fundamental concept underlying this book is that the structure and functions of these materials are principally governed by their texture. The aim is to give readers a comprehensive understanding of New Carbons through the description of their structure and texture, along with the properties that are largely dependent on them.