Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Table of Contentsvii
- Prefacexvii
- Preface to First Editionxix
- List of Symbolsxxi
- Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Equilibrium Thermodynamics1
- 1.1 Introduction1
- 1.2 Basic Definitions1
- 1.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes6
- 1.4 Equilibrium8
- 1.5 The Fundamental Equations10
- 1.6 The Thermodynamic Laws11
- 1.7 Balance Equations14
- 1.8 Entropy and Entropy Production16
- 1.9 The Gibbs Equation20
- 1.10 Equations of State22
- 1.11 Thermodynamic Potentials46
- 1.12 Cross Relations47
- 1.13 Extremum Principles48
- Problems49
- References52
- References for Further Reading52
- Chapter 2. Transport and Rate Processes53
- 2.1 Introduction53
- 2.2 Nonequilibrium Systems53
- 2.3 Kinetic Approach55
- 2.4 Transport Phenomena56
- 2.5 The Maxwell–Stefan Equations86
- 2.6 Transport Coefficients87
- 2.7 Electric Charge Flow87
- 2.8 The Relaxation Theory89
- 2.9 Chemical Reactions89
- 2.10 Coupled Processes90
- Problems92
- References96
- References for Further Reading96
- Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics97
- 3.1 Introduction97
- 3.2 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium97
- 3.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics98
- 3.4 Balance Equations and Entropy Production112
- 3.5 Entropy Production Equation121
- 3.6 Phenomenological Equations127
- 3.7 Onsager’s Relations132
- 3.8 Transformation of Forces and Flows133
- 3.9 Chemical Reactions139
- 3.10 Heat Conduction139
- 3.11 Diffusion141
- 3.12 Validity of Linear Phenomenological Equations142
- 3.13 Curie–Prigogine Principle143
- 3.14 Time Variation of Entropy Production144
- 3.15 Minimum Entropy Production146
- Problems152
- References154
- References for Further Reading154
- Chapter 4. Using the Second Law: Thermodynamic Analysis155
- 4.1 Introduction155
- 4.2 Second-Law Analysis155
- 4.3 Equipartition Principle176
- 4.4 Exergy Analysis184
- 4.5 Applications of Exergy Analysis192
- 4.6 Chemical Exergy243
- 4.7 Depletion Number244
- 4.8 Optimization Problem245
- 4.9 Information Capacity and Exergy245
- 4.10 Pinch Analysis246
- Problems264
- References273
- References for Further Reading274
- Chapter 5. Thermoeconomics275
- 5.1 Introduction275
- 5.2 Thermodynamic Cost275
- 5.3 Ecological Cost285
- 5.4 Availability286
- 5.5 Thermodynamic Optimum287
- 5.6 Equipartition and Optimization in Separation Systems289
- 5.7 Thermoeconomics of Latent Heat Storage307
- Problems315
- References318
- References for Further Reading318
- Chapter 6. Diffusion319
- 6.1 Introduction319
- 6.2 Maxwell–Stefan Equation319
- 6.3 Diffusion in Nonelectrolyte Systems335
- 6.4 Diffusion in Electrolyte Systems336
- 6.5 Diffusion Without Shear Forces344
- 6.6 Statistical Rate Theory351
- Problems360
- References362
- References for Further Reading362
- Chapter 7. Heat and Mass Transfer363
- 7.1 Introduction363
- 7.2 Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer363
- 7.3 Heat of Transport369
- 7.4 Degree of Coupling371
- 7.5 Coupling in Liquid Mixtures372
- 7.6 Coupled Mass and Energy Balances384
- 7.7 Separation by Thermal Diffusion387
- 7.8 Nonlinear Approach394
- 7.9 Heat and Mass Transfer in Discontinuous System401
- 7.10 Thermoelectric Effects406
- Problems410
- References413
- References for Further Reading413
- Chapter 8. Chemical Reactions415
- 8.1 Introduction415
- 8.2 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant415
- 8.3 The Principle of Detailed Balance419
- 8.4 Dissipation for Chemical Reactions423
- 8.5 Reaction Velocity (Flow)425
- 8.6 Multiple Chemical Reactions426
- 8.7 Stationary States430
- 8.8 Michaelis–Menten Kinetics443
- 8.9 Coupled Chemical Reactions447
- Problems449
- References451
- Chapter 9. Coupled Systems of Chemical Reactions and Transport Processes453
- 9.1 Introduction453
- 9.2 Nonisothermal Reaction–Diffusion Systems453
- 9.3 Chemical Reaction with Coupled Heat and Mass Flows465
- 9.4 Coupled System of Chemical Reaction and Transport Processes470
- 9.5 Evolution of Coupled Systems484
- 9.6 Facilitated Transport485
- 9.7 Active Transport495
- 9.8 Nonlinear Macrokinetics in a Reaction–Diffusion System500
- Problems501
- References503
- References for Further Reading504
- Chapter 10. Membrane Transport505
- 10.1 Introduction505
- 10.2 Membrane Equilibrium505
- 10.3 Passive Transport508
- 10.4 Facilitated and Active Transports in Membranes525
- 10.5 Biomembranes526
- Problems538
- References539
- References for Further Reading540
- Chapter 11. Thermodynamics and Biological Systems541
- 11.1 Introduction541
- 11.2 Simplified Analysis in Living Systems541
- 11.3 Bioenergetics548
- 11.4 Proper Pathways557
- 11.5 Coupling in Mitochondria567
- 11.6 Regulation in Bioenergetics574
- 11.7 Exergy use in Bioenergetics581
- 11.8 Molecular Evolution593
- 11.9 Molecular Machines593
- 11.10. Evolutionary Criterion595
- Problems596
- References597
- References for Further Reading598
- Chapter 12. Stability Analysis599
- 12.1 Introduction599
- 12.2 The Gibbs Stability Theory599
- 12.3 Stability and Entropy Production604
- 12.4 Thermodynamic Fluctuations607
- 12.5 Stability in Nonequilibrium Systems608
- 12.6 Linear Stability Analysis614
- 12.7 Oscillating Systems616
- Problems628
- References629
- References for Further Reading629
- Chapter 13. Organized Structures631
- 13.1 Introduction631
- 13.2 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Structures631
- 13.3 Bifurcation632
- 13.4 Limit Cycle633
- 13.5 Order in Physical Structures634
- 13.6 Order in Chemical Systems638
- 13.7 Biological Structures650
- Problems663
- References668
- References for Further Reading669
- Chapter 14. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Approaches671
- 14.1 Introduction671
- 14.2 Network Thermodynamics with Bond Graph Methodology671
- 14.3. Mosaic Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics678
- 14.4 Rational Thermodynamics679
- 14.5 Extended Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics680
- 14.6 Generic Formulations683
- 14.7 Matrix Model684
- 14.8 Internal Variables685
- References686
- References for Further Reading686
- Appendix687
- Appendix A687
- Appendix B688
- Appendix C695
- Appendix D696
- Appendix E704
- Appendix F713
- Subject Index727
Natural phenomena consist of simultaneously occurring transport processes and chemical reactions. These processes may interact with each other and lead to instabilities, fluctuations, and evolutionary systems. This book explores the unifying role of thermodynamics in natural phenomena. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics, Second Edition analyzes the transport processes of energy, mass, and momentum transfer processes, as well as chemical reactions. It considers various processes occurring simultaneously, and provides students with more realistic analysis and modeling by accounting possible interactions between them.
This second edition updates and expands on the first edition by focusing on the balance equations of mass, momentum, energy, and entropy together with the Gibbs equation for coupled processes of physical, chemical, and biological systems. Every chapter contains examples and practical problems to be solved.
This book will be effective in senior and graduate education in chemical, mechanical, systems, biomedical, tissue, biological, and biological systems engineering, as well as physical, biophysical, biological, chemical, and biochemical sciences.
* Will help readers in understanding and modelling some of the coupled and complex systems, such as coupled transport and chemical reaction cycles in biological systems
* Presents a unified approach for interacting processes - combines analysis of transport and rate processes
* Introduces the theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and its use in simultaneously occurring transport processes and chemical reactions of physical, chemical, and biological systems
* A useful text for students taking advanced thermodynamics courses
This second edition updates and expands on the first edition by focusing on the balance equations of mass, momentum, energy, and entropy together with the Gibbs equation for coupled processes of physical, chemical, and biological systems. Every chapter contains examples and practical problems to be solved.
This book will be effective in senior and graduate education in chemical, mechanical, systems, biomedical, tissue, biological, and biological systems engineering, as well as physical, biophysical, biological, chemical, and biochemical sciences.
* Will help readers in understanding and modelling some of the coupled and complex systems, such as coupled transport and chemical reaction cycles in biological systems
* Presents a unified approach for interacting processes - combines analysis of transport and rate processes
* Introduces the theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and its use in simultaneously occurring transport processes and chemical reactions of physical, chemical, and biological systems
* A useful text for students taking advanced thermodynamics courses