Nonimaging Optics
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Prefacexi
- 1. Nonimaging Optical Systems and Their Uses1
- 1.1 Nonimaging Collectors1
- 1.2 Definition of the Concentration Ratio; The Theoretical Maximum3
- 1.3 Uses of Concentrators5
- 1.4 Uses of Illuminators6
- References6
- 2. Some Basic Ideas in Geometrical Optics7
- 2.1 The Concepts of Geometrical Optics7
- 2.2 Formulation of the Ray-Tracing Procedure8
- 2.3 Elementary Properties of Image-Forming Optical Systems11
- 2.4 Aberrations in Image-Forming Optical Systems13
- 2.5 The Effect of Aberrations in an Image-Forming System on the Concentration Ratio14
- 2.6 The Optical Path Length and Fermat’s Principle16
- 2.7 The Generalized Étendue or Lagrange Invariant and the Phase Space Concept18
- 2.8 The Skew Invariant22
- 2.9 Different Versions of the Concentration Ratio23
- Reference23
- 3. Some Designs of Image-Forming Concentrators25
- 3.1 Introduction25
- 3.2 Some General Properties of Ideal Image-Forming Concentrators25
- 3.3 Can an Ideal Image-Forming Concentrator Be Designed?31
- 3.4 Media with Continuously Varying Refractive Indices34
- 3.5 Another System of Spherical Symmetry37
- 3.6 Image-Forming Mirror Systems38
- 3.7 Conclusions on Classical Image-Forming Concentrators40
- References41
- 4. Nonimaging Optical Systems43
- 4.1 Limits to Concentration43
- 4.2 Imaging Devices and Their Limitations44
- 4.3 Nonimaging Concentrators45
- 4.4 The Edge-Ray Principle or StringŽ Method47
- 4.5 Light Cones49
- 4.6 The Compound Parabolic Concentrator50
- 4.7 Properties of the Compound Parabolic Concentrator56
- 4.8 Cones and Paraboloids As Concentrators64
- References67
- 5. Developments and Modifications of the Compound Parabolic Concentrator69
- 5.1 Introduction69
- 5.2 The Dielectric-Filled CPC with Total Internal Reflection69
- 5.3 The CPC with Exit Angle Less Than p/272
- 5.4 The Concentrator for A Source at A Finite Distance74
- 5.5 The Two-Stage CPC76
- 5.6 The CPC Designed for Skew Rays78
- 5.7 The Truncated CPC80
- 5.8 The Lens-Mirror CPC84
- 5.9 2D Collection in General85
- 5.10 Extension of the Edge-Ray Principle85
- 5.11 Some Examples87
- 5.12 The Differential Equation for the Concentrator Profile89
- 5.13 Mechanical Construction for 2D Concentrator Profiles89
- 5.14 A General Design Method for A 2D Concentrator with Lateral Reflectors92
- 5.15 Application of the Method: Tailored Designs95
- 5.16 A Constructive Design Principle for Optimal Concentrators96
- References97
- 6. The Flow-line Method for Designing Nonimaging Optical Systems99
- 6.1 The Concept of the Flow Line99
- 6.2 Lines of Flow from Lambertian Radiators: 2D Examples100
- 6.3 3D Example102
- 6.4 A Simplified Method for Calculating Lines of Flow103
- 6.5 Properties of the Lines of Flow104
- 6.6 Application to Concentrator Design105
- 6.7 The Hyperboloid of Revolution As A Concentrator106
- 6.8 Elaborations of the Hyperboloid: the Truncated Hyperboloid106
- 6.9 The Hyperboloid Combined with A Lens107
- 6.10 The Hyperboloid Combined with Two Lenses108
- 6.11 Generalized Flow Line Concentrators with Refractive Components108
- 6.12 Hamiltonian Formulation109
- 6.13 Poisson Bracket Design Method115
- 6.14 Application of the Poisson Bracket Method128
- 6.15 Multifoliate-Reflector-Based Concentrators138
- 6.16 The Poisson Bracket Method in 2D Geometry142
- 6.17 Elliptic Bundles in Homogeneous Media144
- 6.18 Conclusion155
- References157
- 7. Concentrators for Prescribed Irradiance159
- 7.1 Introduction159
- 7.2 Reflector Producing A Prescribed Functional Transformation160
- 7.3 Some Point Source Examples with Cylindrical and Rotational Optics161
- 7.4 The Finite Strip Source with Cylindrical Optics162
- 7.5 The Finite Disk Source with Rotational Optics166
- 7.6 The Finite Tubular Source with Cylindrical Optics172
- 7.7 Freeform Optical Designs for Point Sources in 3D173
- References178
- 8. Simultaneous Multiple Surface Design Method181
- 8.1 Introduction181
- 8.2 Definitions182
- 8.3 Design of A Nonimaging Lens: the RR Concentrator184
- 8.4 Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing of Rotational Symmetric RR Concentrators189
- 8.5 The XR Concentrator192
- 8.6 Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing of Some XR Concentrators194
- 8.7 The RX Concentrator195
- 8.8 Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing of Some RX Concentrators198
- 8.9 The XX Concentrator201
- 8.10 The RXI Concentrator202
- 8.11 Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing of Some RXI Concentrators207
- 8.12 Comparison of the SMS Concentrators with Other Nonimaging Concentrators and with Image Forming209
- 8.13 Combination of the SMS and the Flow-Line Method211
- 8.14 An Example: the XRI F Concentrator212
- References217
- 9. Imaging Applications of Nonimaging Concentrators219
- 9.1 Introduction219
- 9.2 Imaging Properties of the Design Method220
- 9.3 Results225
- 9.4 Nonimaging Applications231
- 9.5 SMS Method and Imaging Optics233
- References233
- 10. Consequences of Symmetry235
- 10.1 Introduction235
- 10.2 Rotational Symmetry236
- 10.3 Translational Symmetry247
- References263
- 11. Global Optimization of High-Performance Concentrators265
- 11.1 Introduction265
- 11.2 Mathematical Properties of Mappings in Nonimaging Optics266
- 11.3 Factors Affecting Performance267
- 11.4 The Effect of Source and Target Inhomogeneities on the Performance Limits of Nonsymmetric Nonim268
- 11.5 The Inverse-Engineering Formalism274
- 11.6 Examples of Globally Optimized Concentrator Designs276
- References303
- 12. A Paradigm for a Wave Description of Optical Measurements305
- 12.1 Introduction305
- 12.2 The Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem306
- 12.3 Measuring Radiance306
- 12.4 Near-Field and Far-Field Limits309
- 12.5 A Wave Description of Measurement310
- 12.6 Focusing and the Instrument Operator311
- 12.7 Measurement By Focusing the Camera on the Source313
- 12.8 Experimental Test of Focusing313
- 12.9 Conclusion315
- References316
- 13. Applications to Solar Energy Concentration317
- 13.1 Requirements for Solar Concentrators317
- 13.2 Solar Thermal Versus Photovoltaic Concentrator Specifications318
- 13.3 Nonimaging Concentrators for Solar Thermal Applications327
- 13.4 SMS Concentrators for Photovoltaic Applications350
- 13.5 Demonstration and Measurement of Ultra-High Solar Fluxes (C g Up to 100,000)366
- 13.6 Applications Using Highly Concentrated Sunlight381
- 13.7 Solar Processing of Materials385
- 13.8 Solar Thermal Applications of High-Index Secondaries387
- 13.9 Solar Thermal Propulsion in Space389
- References391
- 14. Manufacturing Tolerances395
- 14.1 Introduction395
- 14.2 Model of Real Concentrators396
- 14.3 Contour Error Model396
- 14.4 The Concentrator Error Multiplier410
- 14.5 Sensitivity to Errors411
- 14.6 Conclusions412
- References413
- APPENDIX A: Derivation and Explanation of the Étendue Invariant, Including the Dynamical Analogy;415
- A.1 The generalized étendue415
- A.2 Proof of the generalized étendue theorem416
- A.3 The mechanical analogies and liouville’s theorem418
- A.4 Conventional photometry and the étendue419
- References419
- APPENDIX B: The Edge-Ray Theorem421
- B.1 Introduction421
- B.2 The Continuous Case421
- B.3 The Sequential Surface Case426
- B.4 The Flow-Line Mirror Case427
- B.5 Generation of Edge Rays at Slope Discontinuities429
- B.6 Offence Against the Edge-Ray Theorem430
- References432
- APPENDIX C: Conservation of Skew and Linear Momentum433
- C.1 Skew Invariant433
- C.2 Luneburg Treatment for Skew Rays434
- C.3 Linear Momentum Conservation435
- C.4 Design of Concentrators for Nonmeridian Rays435
- References437
- APPENDIX D: Conservation of Étendue for Two-Parameter Bundles of Rays439
- D.1 Conditions for Achromatic Designs441
- D.2 Conditions for Constant Focal Length in Linear Systems446
- References447
- APPENDIX E: Perfect Off-Axis Imaging449
- E.1 Introduction449
- E.2 The 2D Case450
- E.3 The 3D Case452
- References459
- APPENDIX F: The Luneberg Lens461
- APPENDIX G: The Geometry of the Basic Compound Parabolic Concentrator467
- APPENDIX H: The ui/uo Concentrator471
- APPENDIX I: The Truncated Compound Parabolic Concentrator473
- APPENDIX J: The Differential Equation for the 2D Concentrator Profile with Nonplane Absorber477
- Reference479
- APPENDIX K: Skew Rays in Hyperboloidal Concentrator481
- APPENDIX L: Sine Relation for Hyperboloid/Lens Concentrator483
- APPENDIX M: The Concentrator Design for Skew Rays485
- M.1 The Differential Equation485
- M.2 The Ratio of Input to Output Areas for the Concentrator486
- M.3 Proof That Extreme Rays Intersect at the Exit Aperture Rim488
- M.4 Another Proof of the Sine Relation for Skew Rays489
- M.5 The Frequency Distribution of h490
- Index493
From its inception nearly 30 years ago, the optical subdiscipline now referred to as nonimaging optics, has experienced dramatic growth. The term nonimaging optics is concerned with applications where imaging formation is not important but where effective and efficient collection , concentration, transport and distribution of light energy is - i.e. solar energy conversion, signal detection, illumination optics, measurement and testing. This book will incorporate the substantial developments of the past decade in this field.
* Includes all substantial developments of the past decade in the rapidly moving field of nonimaging optics
* The only authoritative reference on nonimaging optics, from the leader in the field
* Includes all substantial developments of the past decade in the rapidly moving field of nonimaging optics
* The only authoritative reference on nonimaging optics, from the leader in the field