Nutritional Biochemistry
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Table of contents
- CONTENTSvii
- Prefacexiii
- Acknowledgments – First Editionxv
- Acknowledgments – Second Editionxvii
- Abbreviationsxix
- Chapter 1. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES1
- Overview1
- Basic Chemistry1
- Macromolecules10
- Solubility25
- Cell Structure31
- Genetic Material32
- Summary53
- References54
- Bibliography56
- Chapter 2. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION57
- Overview57
- Digestive Tract57
- Secretion of Digestive Materials60
- Stimulation of the Digestive System66
- Molecules Important to Digestion and Absorption69
- Digestion and Absorption of Proteins88
- Digestion and Absorption of Lipids91
- Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates103
- Absorption Physiology117
- Biochemical Mechanisms121
- Summary128
- References128
- Bibliography131
- Chapter 3. NUTRIENTS THAT RESIST OR ESCAPE DIGESTION133
- Overview133
- Resistance of Proteins to Digestion134
- Carbohydrates that Escape Digestion136
- Dietary Fibers140
- Microorganisms and Digestion147
- Malabsorption Syndromes151
- Summary152
- References153
- Bibliography154
- Chapter 4. REGULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM157
- Overview157
- The Brain and Energy Metabolism160
- Glucagon and Insulin161
- Different Types of Energy Metabolism180
- Exercise Nutrition195
- Creatine Phosphate201
- Creatinine202
- Glycogen206
- Gluconeogenesis207
- Fructose211
- Fatty Acids212
- The Krebs Cycle228
- Fermentative and Aerobic Energy Metabolism233
- Starvation243
- Alcohol245
- Metabolic Zoning in the Liver252
- Thiol Esters253
- Summary255
- References258
- Bibliography262
- Chapter 5. ENERGY REQUIREMENT273
- Overview273
- Units of Energy274
- Calculating the Respiratory Quotient from Chemistry276
- Electron Transport and ATP Production278
- Tally of the ATPs Produced282
- The Respiratory Quotient during Rest and Exercise287
- Fatty Acid Biosynthesis288
- Respiratory Quotient Data from Human Studies293
- Protein Oxidation and the Respiratory Quotient295
- Calculating Energy Expenditures297
- Direct Calorimetry300
- Metabolic Rate301
- Doubly Labeled Water Technique for Determining Energy Expenditure303
- Issues in Energy Nutrition305
- References307
- Bibliography308
- Chapter 6. LIPIDS311
- Overview311
- Phospholipids312
- Choline and Ethanolamine316
- Influence of Dietary Fats on Phospholipids in the Body320
- Sphingosine-Based Lipids322
- Covalent Binding of Lipids to Proteins325
- Cholesterol326
- Lipoproteins332
- Studies on the Behavior of Lipoproteins345
- Cardiovascular Disease357
- Effects of Diet and Drugs on Atherosclerosis361
- References371
- Bibliography376
- Chapter 7. OBESITY379
- Overview379
- Types of Fat383
- Techniques for Measuring Fat388
- Signaling Pathways for Regulating Adipocyte Formation399
- Genetic Factors in Obesity401
- Summary411
- References412
- Bibliography414
- Chapter 8. PROTEIN421
- Overview421
- Milk Protein424
- Amino Acid Catabolism and Aminotransferases425
- Biosynthesis of Dispensable Amino Acids435
- Waste Nitrogen436
- Regulation of Protein Catabolism444
- Nutritional Aspects of Protein Catabolism447
- Protein Quality469
- Clinical Issues in Protein Nutrition475
- References482
- Bibliography487
- Chapter 9. VITAMINS491
- Overview491
- Folate493
- Vitamin B12516
- Vitamin K524
- Biotin539
- Vitamin B6541
- Vitamin A554
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Thyroid Hormone at the Genome585
- Niacin593
- Thiamin603
- Riboflavin609
- Pantothenic Acid613
- Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)617
- Vitamin E628
- Essential Fatty Acids638
- References657
- Bibliography668
- Chapter 10. INORGANIC NUTRIENTS693
- Overview693
- Tables of Inorganic Nutrients694
- Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Water697
- Iodine731
- Iron739
- Calcium and Phosphate761
- Magnesium794
- Manganese802
- Zinc and Copper803
- Molybdenum, Sulfite, and Sulfate819
- Selenium and Glutathione825
- Other Inorganic Nutrients840
- References841
- Bibliography852
- Chapter 11. DIET AND CANCER879
- Overview879
- Cancer of the Large Bowel882
- Genetic Changes that Result in Cancer885
- RAS and the MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway898
- Mutations in the RAS Gene and Cancer902
- Cadherin Protein905
- Epidemiology of Diet and Colon Cancer907
- Summary917
- References917
- Bibliography921
- APPENDIX A: NUTRITION METHODOLOGY933
- References/Bibliography933
- APPENDIX B: DOT BLOTS, MOLECULAR CLONING, AND DNA SEQUENCING935
- Assessing Metabolic Regulation by Measuring Changes in Enzyme Activity935
- Assessing Metabolic Regulation by Measuring Levels of Messenger RNA (Dot Blots)936
- Using Drug Resistance as a Selection Technique946
- Restriction Sites and Restriction Enzymes947
- Phages, Phagemids, and Plasmids Are Used to Acquire DNA for Sequencing949
- Phages, Plasmids, and Phagemids950
- Properties of Phage Lambda and of Filamentous Phage954
- Sequencing of DNA956
- Summary960
- References/Bibliography962
- APPENDIX C: METHODS AND TERMS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY965
- Algebra Used for Calculating Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio965
- Acquiring Data on Food and Nutrient Intake968
- References/Bibliography969
- Index975
Nutritional Biochemistry takes a scientific approach to nutrition. It covers not just "whats"--nutritional requirements--but why they are required for human health, by describing their function at the cellular and molecular level. Each case study either leads to a subsequent discovery or enables an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of action of various nutrition-related processes. The text is "picture-oriented" and the commentary is directed towards explaining graphs, figures, and tables.
Nutritional Biochemistry includes a discussion of relevant aspects of physiology, food chemistry, toxicology, pediatrics, and public health. Experimental techniques for nutritional science are emphasized, and primary data is included to help give students a feel for the nutrition literature. This "real-world" approach provides students with a realistic view of the basis for much of our understanding of nutritional biochemistry.
* Integrates biochemistry and nutrition in a case-oriented method
* Emphasizes a hands-on approach to learning - case histories and clinical and research data illustrate all major points
* Places emphasis on metabolism - metabolic pathways, enzymology, nutrient requirements (including RDA values)
* Reveals the benefits of the Mediterranean diet, the biochemistry of exercise, the cell signaling pathways, how nutrition can influence the development of cancer, and the anthropometry and genetics of obesity.
Nutritional Biochemistry includes a discussion of relevant aspects of physiology, food chemistry, toxicology, pediatrics, and public health. Experimental techniques for nutritional science are emphasized, and primary data is included to help give students a feel for the nutrition literature. This "real-world" approach provides students with a realistic view of the basis for much of our understanding of nutritional biochemistry.
* Integrates biochemistry and nutrition in a case-oriented method
* Emphasizes a hands-on approach to learning - case histories and clinical and research data illustrate all major points
* Places emphasis on metabolism - metabolic pathways, enzymology, nutrient requirements (including RDA values)
* Reveals the benefits of the Mediterranean diet, the biochemistry of exercise, the cell signaling pathways, how nutrition can influence the development of cancer, and the anthropometry and genetics of obesity.