Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discoveries
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Table of contents
- Title pageiii
- Copyright Pageiv
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Prefacexv
- SECTION I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS1
- Chapter 1. The Eye as a Drug Target3
- Chapter 2. Drug Delivery Systems in Ophthalmic Applications7
- I. Introduction7
- II. Mechanics of Delivery Systems and Their Administration13
- III. Delivery Systems for Ocular Disease16
- IV. Conclusions29
- V. References30
- Chapter 3. IOP as a Target – Inflow and Outflow Pathways45
- I. Glaucoma: IOP as a Risk Factor46
- II. Basic Mechanisms of Aqueous Hydrodynamics46
- III. Overview of Currently Available Glaucoma Medications48
- IV. Prostaglandin Analogs (PGAs)49
- V. β-Blockers49
- VI. α[2]-Agonists50
- VII. Topical Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors50
- VIII. Cholinergics50
- IX. Epinephrine and Analogs50
- X. Recent Development in Future Ocular Hypotensive Medications51
- XI. Cytoskeleton Acting Agents51
- XII. Protein Kinase Inhibitors53
- XIII. Statins54
- XIV. Serotonergic Agonists55
- XV. Activators of Extracellular Matrix Hydrolysis56
- XVI. Compounds that Increase Cyclic GMP57
- XVII. Cannabinoids59
- XVIII. Identification of New Therapeutic Targets Based on Understanding Disease Pathogenesis60
- XIX. Conclusions62
- XX. References62
- Chapter 4. The Ciliary Body: A Potential Multifaceted Functional Neuroendocrine Unit69
- I. Introduction69
- II. Ciliary Epithelial Peptides and Aqueous Flow72
- III. New Frontiers of Ciliary Body Research: Retinal Progenitor Cells and Ocular Stem Cells79
- IV. Acknowledgments80
- V. References80
- Chapter 5. Growth Factors and Neurotrophic Factors as Targets87
- I. Growth Factors87
- II. Expression and Function of Growth Factors in Ocular Tissues94
- III. References109
- SECTION II. VISUAL PATHWAY117
- Chapter 6. New Therapies for Dry Eye Disease119
- I. Introduction119
- II. Historical Perspective119
- III. Enhanced Tear Stabilizers and Ocular Surface Protectants120
- IV. Anti-Inflammatory Medications122
- V. Conclusion129
- VI. References129
- Chapter 7. Refractive Surgery – Corneal Opacity (Haze) after Surface Ablation133
- I. Clinical Disease133
- II. Clinical Objectives134
- III. Basic Mechanisms134
- IV. Current Therapy138
- V. Future Therapy139
- VI. Summary139
- VII. Acknowledgments140
- VIII. References140
- Chapter 8. Progress in Preventing Age-Related Cataract143
- I. Introduction143
- II. Age-Related Cataract: At Least Three Different Diseases145
- III. Causality and Cataracts147
- IV. Investigating Cataracts147
- V. The Influence of the Intraocular Environment on Cataract Formation150
- VI. Risk Factors for Age-Related Cataracts151
- VII. Final Thoughts160
- VIII. References160
- Chapter 9. Myopia Pharmacology: Etiologic Clues, Therapeutic Potential167
- I. Introduction167
- II. Clinical Myopia168
- III. Why Myopia?169
- IV. Basic Research Approaches to Studying Myopia Pathogenesis171
- V. Pharmacology as an Approach to Myopia Pathogenesis175
- VI. Pharmacology of Myopia176
- VII. Eyes with Non-Restricted Vision186
- VIII. Concluding Thoughts186
- IX. Acknowledgments188
- X. References188
- SECTION III. INFLAMMATION, IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ANTI-INFECTIVES197
- Chapter 10. Immune System and the Eye199
- I. Basic Principles of Regional Immunity in the Eye and Ocular Immune Privilege199
- II. Immune-Mediated Ocular Diseases204
- III. References233
- Chapter 11. Ocular Allergy: Clinical, Therapeutic and Drug Discovery Considerations239
- I. Introduction239
- II. Allergic Conjunctivitis – Seasonal/Perennial240
- III. Conjunctivitis249
- IV. References265
- Chapter 12. Ocular Inflammation in Anterior Segment275
- I. Clinical Disease – Anterior Uveitis (Iritis, Iridocyclitis)275
- II. Clinical Objectives279
- III. Basic Mechanisms281
- IV. Current Therapy290
- V. Future Therapy – Targeting Basic Mechanisms292
- VI. References296
- Chapter 13. Posterior Segment Uveitis301
- I. The Classification of Uveitis301
- II. Types of Posterior Segment Uveitis302
- III. Aspects of the Posterior Segment Uveitis Work-Up305
- IV. Treatment of Posterior Segment Uveitic Disease305
- V. Future Directions in Treatment of Posterior Uveitic Disease313
- VI. Summary313
- VII. Eye on New Discoveries314
- VIII. References and Further Reading314
- Chapter 14. New Anti-Infectives for Ophthalmology317
- I. Introduction318
- II. The Ocular Assault318
- III. The Enemy318
- IV. Avoiding Ocular Infections318
- V. Evolution of Anti-Infective Agents320
- VI. Pharmaceutical Research321
- VII. Ocular Anti-Infective Research322
- VIII. The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistance322
- IX. The Attack Strategies – Antimicrobial Targets323
- X. Ophthalmic Usage324
- XI. Anti-Bacterial Agents for Ophthalmology325
- XII. Novel Approaches327
- XIII. Anti-Fungal Agents for Ophthalmology328
- XIV. Anti-Viral Agents for Ophthalmology328
- XV. Summary328
- XVI. Acknowledgments329
- XVII. References329
- SECTION IV. CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS331
- Chapter 15. Tissue Repair and Regeneration333
- I. Introduction333
- II. Basic Healing and Scarring Processes334
- III. Modulating the Different Stages of Wound Healing and Scarring334
- IV. The Future: From Repair to Regeneration357
- V. Summary358
- VI. Acknowledgments358
- VII. References358
- Chapter 16. Therapeutic Drugs for Anterior Segment Ocular Surgery367
- I. Introduction367
- II. New Developments in Anterior Segment Anti-Inflammatory Medications368
- III. New Developments in Anterior Segment Antibiotic Medications369
- IV. New Developments in Treating Dry Eye Syndrome370
- V. New Developments in Topical Ocular Medication Delivery Systems370
- VI. New Developments in Anterior Segment Surgical Adhesives372
- VII. New Advancements in Anti-Angiogenic Medications373
- VIII. The Future374
- IX. References374
- Chapter 17. Therapeutic Agents for Posterior Segment Vitrectomy Surgery377
- I. Introduction377
- II. Normal Vitreous Anatomy and Composition378
- III. Importance of Posterior Vitreous Detachment379
- IV. Specific Agents for Posterior Segment Vitreous Removal381
- V. Summary389
- VI. References389
- Chapter 18. Progress and Prospects in Ocular Gene Therapy393
- I. Introduction394
- II. Gene Delivery Methods394
- III. Gene Therapeutic Strategies/Concepts in the Eye400
- IV. Constraints and Challenges409
- V. Summary412
- VI. References412
- SECTION V. RETINAL DISEASES AND NEUROPATHIES421
- Chapter 19. Neuroprotection in Glaucoma423
- I. Introduction423
- II. Neurotrophic Factors Promote RGC Survival424
- III. RGC Protection from Glutamate Induced Excitotoxicity425
- IV. Protection from Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide Neurotoxicity428
- V. Anti-Apoptotic Therapy429
- VI. RGC Protection with HSP70432
- VII. Immune Response and Neuroprotection435
- VIII. Conclusion436
- IX. References436
- Chapter 20. Degenerative Retinopathies443
- I. Introduction443
- II. Clinical Disease443
- III. Clinical Objectives444
- IV. Basic Mechanisms445
- V. Current Therapy447
- VI. Future Therapy450
- VII. Summary466
- VIII. References467
- Chapter 21. Ocular Angiogenesis473
- I. Angiogenesis is the Dominant Process of Ocular Neovascularization474
- II. Vascular Networks within the Eye474
- III. Development of Ocular Vasculature475
- IV. Important Factors in Ocular Angiogenesis478
- V. Mechanism of Pathological Ocular Angiogenesis482
- VI. Current Therapy for Pathological Angiogenesis486
- VII. Future Therapy487
- VIII. References and Recommended Reading487
- INDEX495
- A495
- B498
- C499
- D503
- E504
- F504
- G505
- H506
- I507
- J509
- K509
- L509
- M510
- N512
- O513
- P513
- R515
- S516
- T518
- U519
- V519
- W520
- X520
- Y520
- Z520
Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discovery focuses on emerging areas in ocular research, from new approaches to dry eye to gene therapy in the management of retinal diseases. This comprehensive book features more than 25 chapters of information that will be vital for ocular investigators and ophthalmologists bringing them new information on promising therapeutics. It is the intent of this book to provide not only information on current approaches to treatment, but also in giving the reader a greater understanding as to what may become available for treating a number of important eye diseases. Each chapter features some new aspect of treatment that holds great promise for the future. The approach has been to concentrate on those areas of ocular diseases that are more prevalent. It also features new insight for drug delivery and for managing devasting diseases, such as macula edema and glaucoma, two of the leading causes of blindness in the United States. This book will serve as an important resource as it contains a number of relevant references highlighted for their importance to the field. New investigators will be able to obtain an historical perspective for each of the topics and to develop an understanding of the new research directions that are underway. Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discovery is more than a reference book, as it also provides an important glimpse into the near future.
* Contains information that is vital for ocular investigators and ophthalmologists bringing them new information on promising therapeutics.
* Provides not only information on current approaches to treatment, but also gives the reader a greater understanding as to what may become available for treating a number of important eye diseases.
* Historical perspective for each of the topics as well as an important glimpse into the near future to develop an understanding of the new research directions underway.
* New insight for drug delivery and for managing devastating diseases, such as macula edema and glaucoma, two of the leading causes of blindness in the United States
* Contains information that is vital for ocular investigators and ophthalmologists bringing them new information on promising therapeutics.
* Provides not only information on current approaches to treatment, but also gives the reader a greater understanding as to what may become available for treating a number of important eye diseases.
* Historical perspective for each of the topics as well as an important glimpse into the near future to develop an understanding of the new research directions underway.
* New insight for drug delivery and for managing devastating diseases, such as macula edema and glaucoma, two of the leading causes of blindness in the United States