Origin and Prediction of Abnormal Formation Pressures
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Table of contents
- Cover
- CONTENTSxi
- Prefacevii
- List of Contributorsix
- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO ABNORMALLY PRESSURED FORMATIONS1
- Introduction1
- Abnormal pressures2
- Origin of vertical barriers resulting in abnormal formation pressures3
- Reservoir engineering concepts in abnormal pressure environments13
- Economics in overpressure environments14
- Summary16
- Bibliography17
- CHAPTER 2. ORIGIN OF ABNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURES21
- Introduction21
- Compaction process24
- State of stress in compacting shales29
- Compaction models43
- Creation and maintenance of abnormal pressures51
- Mechanisms generating abnormal formation pressures55
- Conclusions64
- Bibliography64
- CHAPTER 3. ORIGIN OF FORMATION FLUID PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS69
- Introduction69
- Factors causing fluid flow and pressure distributions70
- Presentation of pressure as the additive sum of two components75
- Some major factors of underground fluid forced convection and characteristics for correlation78
- Definitions of terms as used in this chapter93
- Conclusions93
- Bibliography94
- CHAPTER 4. SMECTITE–ILLITE TRANSFORMATIONS DURING DIAGENESIS AND CATAGENESIS AS RELATED TO OVERPRE97
- Introduction97
- Burst's compaction model99
- Origin of abnormally high formation pressure100
- Clay-mineral transformation105
- Effect of thermobaric conditions110
- Effect of hydrochemical factors113
- Discussion116
- Summary120
- Conclusions121
- Bibliography121
- CHAPTER 5. METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND PREDICTING ABNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURES123
- Introduction123
- Prediction of abnormally high pressure in regions with nonequilibrium compaction126
- Abnormal pressure due to temperature variations130
- Estimation and prediction of abnormally low pressures in basins in permafrost regions130
- Formation pressure in regions with upthrown and downthrown blocks (uplift and subsidence of sediment131
- Calculation of abnormal pore pressure during drilling134
- Radioactivity study of zones with abnormally high formation pressure140
- Pulsed neutron capture logs141
- Shale water influx „ driving mechanism146
- Various geophysical well logging methods „ a summary147
- Conclusions148
- Bibliography148
- CHAPTER 6. DRILLING PARAMETERS151
- Drilling rate (penetration)151
- Drilling rate equations156
- Porosity and formation pressure logs157
- Logging while drilling159
- Torque159
- Drag160
- Drilling mud parameters160
- Shale cuttings parameters163
- Other pressure indicator methods165
- Drilling concepts in overpressured environments165
- Bibliography165
- CHAPTER 7. SEISMIC METHODS OF PRESSURE PREDICTION169
- Introduction169
- Prediction of abnormal pressure from geophysical data169
- Empirical relationships170
- Practical applications173
- Bibliography188
- CHAPTER 8. TECTONICS AND OVERPRESSURED FORMATIONS191
- Introduction191
- Faulting as a cause of overpressured formations191
- Shale diapirism (mud lumps, mud volcanoes)198
- Prediction of tectonically caused overpressures by using resistivity and density measurements of ass200
- Origin and distribution of overpressures in carbonate reservoirs200
- Conclusions205
- Bibliography206
- CHAPTER 9. PREDICTION OF ABNORMALLY HIGH PRESSURES IN PETROLIFEROUS SALT-BEARING SECTIONS209
- Introduction209
- Indicators of approaching the overpressured zones211
- Locating the areal positions of AHFP zones213
- Quantitative AHFP forecast217
- Conclusions220
- Bibliography220
- CHAPTER 10. PORE WATER COMPACTION CHEMISTRY AS RELATED TO OVERPRESSURES223
- Introduction223
- Overview and constraints224
- Chemical composition of subsurface brines235
- Laboratory experiments251
- Fluid chemistry compaction models272
- Isotope studies of interstitial fluids282
- Summary and conclusions285
- Bibliography288
- CHAPTER 11. ABNORMALLY LOW FORMATION PRESSURES295
- Introduction295
- Origin of abnormal pressures296
- Estimation of the effects of temperature change and erosion on pore pressure300
- Summary308
- Bibliography308
- CHAPTER 12. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ABNORMALLY HIGH FORMATION PRESSURES311
- Introduction311
- Methodology of simulation of dynamic systems312
- Analytical approach312
- Analytical models314
- Numerical models318
- Tectonic and lithological modeling322
- Numerical criterion and sensitivity analysis for time-dependent formation pressure in a sealed layer327
- Formation pressure in the case of constant fluid flow through the lower boundary of the formation331
- Identification of conductivity function for petroleum reservoirs339
- Conclusions348
- Nomenclature used in this chapter348
- Bibliography349
- CHAPTER 13. INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG FLUID PRODUCTION, SUBSIDENCE AND RESERVOIR PRESSURE353
- Introduction353
- Compaction of rocks353
- Conclusions358
- Bibliography358
- Author Index361
- Subject Index369
Knowledge of the presence of abnormally-high pressure zones (AHFP) prior to drilling into them can prevent considerable economic losses and, possibly, save human lives.
The various origins (undercompaction, tectonics, etc.) of AHFPs are discussed, followed by the description of predictive techniques in clastic, carbonate and salt-bearing formations. In addition to the well-logging predictive techniques, the authors discuss smectite-illite transformation and the chemistry of interstitial solutions. Other topics covered include (a) abnormally low formation pressures and subsidence, and (b) mathematical modelling. Loss of potential production may result if AHFPs are not properly identified and evaluated. Many hydrocarbon-bearing formations with AHFPs are erroneously "condemned".
This book is of interest to engineers and geologists involved in the (a) evaluation, (b) drilling in, (c) completing, and (d) producing from hydrocarbon reservoirs with AHFPs.