Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary
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Table of contents
- CONTENTSvii
- PREFACExiii
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxv
- Chapter 1. Paleoclimatic Reconstruction1
- 1.1 Introduction1
- 1.2 Sources of Paleoclimatic Information4
- 1.3 Levels of Paleoclimatic Analysis8
- 1.4 Modeling in Paleoclimatic Research9
- Chapter 2. Climate and Climatic Variation11
- 2.1 The Nature of Climate and Climatic Variation11
- 2.2 The Climate System15
- 2.3 Feedback Mechanisms22
- 2.4 Energy Balance of the Earth and its Atmosphere24
- 2.5 Timescales of Climatic Variation32
- 2.6 Variations of the Earth's Orbital Parameters35
- Chapter 3. Dating Methods I47
- 3.1 Introduction and Overview47
- 3.2 Radioisotopic Methods48
- Chapter 4. Dating Methods II91
- 4.1 Paleomagnetism91
- 4.2 Dating Methods Involving Chemical Changes99
- 4.3 Biological Dating Methods116
- Chapter 5. Ice Cores125
- 5.1 Introduction125
- 5.2 Stable Isotope Analysis126
- 5.3 Dating Ice Cores142
- 5.4 Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Ice Cores153
- Chapter 6. Marine Sediments and Corals191
- 6.1 Introduction191
- 6.2 Paleoclimatic Information from Biological Material in Ocean Cores193
- 6.3 Oxygen Isotope Studies of Calcareous Marine Fauna198
- 6.4 Relative Abundance Studies216
- 6.5 Paleotemperature Records from Alkenones233
- 6.6 Dissolution of Deep-sea Carbonates236
- 6.7 Paleoclimatic Information from Inorganic Material in Ocean Cores242
- 6.8 Coral Records of Past Climate247
- 6.9 Thermohaline Circulation of the Oceans254
- 6.10 Ocean Circulation Changes and Climate over the Last Glacial-Interglacial Cycle260
- 6.11 Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: the Role of the Oceans276
- 6.12 Orbital Forcing: Evidence from the Marine Record280
- Chapter 7. Non-marine Geological Evidence285
- 7.1 Introduction285
- 7.2 Loess286
- 7.3 Periglacial Features293
- 7.4 Snowlines and Glaciation Thresholds297
- 7.5 Mountain Glacier Fluctuations304
- 7.6 Lake-level Fluctuations310
- 7.7 Lake Sediments324
- 7.8 Speleothems326
- Chapter 8. Non-marine Biological Evidence337
- 8.1 Introduction337
- 8.2 Former Vegetation Distribution from Plant Macrofossils337
- 8.3 Insects348
- Chapter 9. Pollen Analysis357
- 9.1 Introduction357
- 9.2 The Basis of Pollen Analysis358
- 9.3 How Rapidly Does Vegetation Respond to Changes in Climate?365
- 9.4 Pollen Analysis of a Site: the Pollen Diagram370
- 9.5 Mapping Vegetation Change: Isopolls and Isochrones373
- 9.6 Quantitative Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Pollen Analysis375
- 9.7 Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Long Quaternary Pollen Records384
- Chapter 10. Dendroclimatology397
- 10.1 Introduction397
- 10.2 Fundamentals of Dendroclimatology398
- 10.3 Dendroclimatic Reconstructions423
- 10.4 Isotope Dendroclimatology434
- Chapter 11. Documentary Data439
- 11.1 Introduction439
- 11.2 Historical Records and Their Interpretation441
- 11.3 Regional Studies Based on Historical Records459
- 11.4 Records of Climate Forcing Factors467
- Chapter 12. Paleoclimate Models471
- 12.1 Introduction471
- 12.2 Types of Models472
- 12.3 Sensitivity Experiments Using General Circulation Models480
- 12.4 Model Simulations: 18 KA B.P. to the Present495
- 12.5 Coupled Ocean-atmosphere Model Experiments499
- 12.6 General Circulation Model Paleoclimate Simulations and the Paleorecord505
- APPENDIX A. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON RADIOCARBON DATING507
- A.l Calculation of Radiocarbon Age and Standardization Procedure507
- A.2 Fractionation Effects509
- APPENDIX B. WORLDWIDE WEB-BASED RESOURCES IN PALEOCUMATOLOGY511
- REFERENCES513
- INDEX600
Raymond S. Bradley provides his readers with a comprehensive and up-to-date review of all of the important methods used in paleoclimatic reconstruction, dating and paleoclimate modeling. Two comprehensive chapters on dating methods provide the foundation for all paleoclimatic studies and are followed by up-to-date coverage of ice core research, continental geological and biological records, pollen analysis, radiocarbon dating, tree rings and historical records. New methods using alkenones in marine sediments and coral studies are also described. Paleoclimatology, Second Edition, is an essential textbook for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students studying climatology, paleoclimatology and paleooceanography worldwide, as well as a valuable reference for lecturers and researchers, appealing to archaeologists and scientists interested in environmental change.
* Contains two up-to-date chapters on dating methods
* Consists of the latest coverage of ice core research, marine sediment and coral studies, continental geological and biological records, pollen analysis, tree rings, and historical records
* Describes the newest methods using alkenones in marine sediments and long continental pollen records
* Addresses all important methods used in paleoclimatic reconstruction
* Includes an extensive chapter on the use of models in paleoclimatology
* Extensive and up-to-date bibliography
* Illustrated with numerous comprehensive figure captions
* Contains two up-to-date chapters on dating methods
* Consists of the latest coverage of ice core research, marine sediment and coral studies, continental geological and biological records, pollen analysis, tree rings, and historical records
* Describes the newest methods using alkenones in marine sediments and long continental pollen records
* Addresses all important methods used in paleoclimatic reconstruction
* Includes an extensive chapter on the use of models in paleoclimatology
* Extensive and up-to-date bibliography
* Illustrated with numerous comprehensive figure captions