Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsxv
- Contributors to Volume 48vii
- Volumes in the Seriesxi
- Prefacexxv
- Series Editor’s Prefacexxix
- Forewordxxxi
- Part I: Air1
- Chapter 1. Theory of solid phase microextraction and its application in passive sampling3
- 1.1. Introduction3
- 1.2. Calibration in Solid Phase Microextraction6
- References31
- Chapter 2. The use of different designs of passive samplers for air monitoring of persistent organic33
- 2.1. Introduction33
- 2.2. The Context: Why Develop Passive air Sampling Techniques for POPs?35
- 2.3. What Approaches can be used?38
- 2.4. The Choice of Sampler Designs: Features, Advantages and Potential Problems40
- 2.5. Case Studies and Applications of PAS for POPs46
- 2.6. Future Improvements and Needs for PAS for POPs52
- References53
- Chapter 3. Passive sampling in combination with thermal desorption and gas chromatography as a tool57
- 3.1. The Applicability of Passive Sampling for Chemical Exposure Assessment57
- 3.2. Passive Sampling, Basic Theory58
- 3.3. Sampling Rates60
- 3.4. Standards for Evaluation of Passive Samplers60
- 3.5. Sampler Designs for Passive Sampling–Thermal Desorption Analysis61
- 3.6. Thermal Desorption64
- 3.7. Adsorbents67
- 3.8. Analytical Equipment for Thermal Desorption69
- 3.9. Applications using Passive Sampling–Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography for Exposure Asse70
- 3.10. Possible Limitations/Sources of Error when using Passive Sampling–Thermal Desorption–Gas C72
- 3.11. Self-Assessment of Exposure74
- 3.12. Practical Considerations76
- 3.13. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives79
- References79
- Chapter 4. Use of permeation passive samplers in air monitoring85
- 4.1. Introduction85
- 4.2. Theory86
- 4.3. Design of the Permeation Passive Sampler91
- 4.4. Calibration of GUT Permeation Passive Samplers92
- 4.5. Determination of the Calibration Constants of GUT Permeation Passive Samplers with Silicone Mem92
- 4.6. Conclusion104
- References105
- Chapter 5. Membrane-enclosed sorptive coating as integrative sampler for monitoring organic compound107
- 5.1. Introduction107
- 5.2. Theory108
- 5.3. Experimental110
- 5.4. Results116
- 5.5. Conclusions122
- References122
- Chapter 6. Towards quantitative monitoring of semivolatile organic compounds using passive air sampl125
- 6.1. Introduction125
- 6.2. Estimating air Concentrations126
- 6.3. Environmental Factors131
- 6.4. Conclusions133
- Acknowledgments134
- References134
- Part II: Water139
- Chapter 7. Theory, modelling and calibration of passive samplers used in water monitoring141
- 7.1. Introduction141
- 7.2. Basic Concepts and Models for SPMDs142
- 7.3. Model Application to other Passive Samplers146
- 7.4. Validity of the Model Assumptions147
- 7.5. Water Boundary Layer Resistance149
- 7.6. Membrane Resistance152
- 7.7. Biofouling Layer156
- 7.8. Other Intermediate Phases157
- 7.9. Calibration158
- 7.10. Conclusion and Outlook162
- References164
- Chapter 8. Tool for monitoring hydrophilic contaminants in water: polar organic chemical integrative171
- 8.1. Introduction171
- 8.2. Fundamentals of POCIS173
- 8.3. Theory and Modeling176
- 8.4. Study Considerations182
- 8.5. Case Studies185
- 8.6. Future Research Consideration192
- 8.7. Conclusions195
- References196
- Chapter 9. Monitoring of priority pollutants in water using Chemcatcher passive sampling devices199
- 9.1. Introduction199
- 9.2. Concept of Chemcatcher199
- 9.3. Theory206
- 9.4. Calibration207
- 9.5. Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants207
- 9.6. Sampling of Hydrophilic Organic Contaminants213
- 9.7. Sampling of Metals216
- 9.8. Sampling of Organometallic Compounds217
- 9.9. Field Applications217
- 9.10. Comparison of the Performance of the Chemcatcher with that of other Sampling Devices223
- 9.11. Future Trends226
- Acknowledgments226
- References227
- Chapter 10. Membrane-enclosed sorptive coating for the monitoring of organic compounds in water231
- 10.1. Introduction231
- 10.2. Passive uptake Model for MESCO Sampler232
- 10.3. Design of the Different MESCO Formats233
- 10.4. Laboratory-Derived Sampling Rates of the Various MESCO Formats235
- 10.5. Field Application of MESCO samplers237
- Acknowledgments248
- References248
- Chapter 11. In situ monitoring and dynamic speciation measurements in solution using DGT251
- 11.1. Introduction251
- 11.2. Methodology253
- 11.3. DGT Theory256
- 11.4. Novel Applications263
- 11.5. Conclusion274
- References275
- Chapter 12. Use of ceramic dosimeters in water monitoring279
- 12.1. Introduction279
- 12.2. Ceramic Dosimeter Design280
- 12.3. Practical Considerations285
- 12.4. Example of Field Results and Future Work290
- Acknowledgment292
- References292
- Chapter 13. Passive diffusion samplers to monitor volatile organic compounds in ground-water295
- 13.1. Introduction295
- 13.2. Applications299
- 13.3. Conclusions306
- Acknowledgment307
- References307
- Chapter 14. Field study considerations in the use of passive sampling devices in water monitoring311
- 14.1. Introduction311
- 14.2. Field Study Considerations315
- 14.3. Quality Control325
- References327
- Chapter 15. Techniques for quantitatively evaluating aquatic passive sampling devices329
- 15.1. Introduction329
- 15.2. Key Parameters330
- 15.3. Laboratory Methods331
- 15.4. In Situ Methods338
- References346
- Part III: Soils and Sediments351
- Chapter 16. Theory and applications of DGT measurements in soils and sediments353
- 16.1. Introduction353
- 16.2. Principles in Soils and Sediments354
- 16.3. Modelling Interactions of DGT with Soils and Sediments357
- 16.4. Soils360
- 16.5. Sediments367
- References374
- Chapter 17. Passive sampling devices for measuring organic compounds in soils and sediments379
- 17.1. Introduction379
- 17.2. Petrex Passive Soil Gas and Sediment Vapour Sampling System380
- 17.3. Gore’ Modules for Passive Soil Gas Collection381
- 17.4. Emflux® Passive Soil Gas Sampling System382
- 17.5. Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Passive Sampling in Sediment Pore-Water383
- 17.6. Solid-Phase Microextraction Devices for Passive Sampling in Soil and Sediment384
- 17.7. Conclusion388
- References389
- Part IV: Ecotoxicology and Biomonitoring391
- Chapter 18. Use of passive sampling devices in toxicity assessment of groundwater393
- 18.1. Introduction393
- 18.2. Concepts and Examples for Linking Passive Sampling of Groundwater with Toxicological Analysis394
- 18.3. Potential Future Approaches403
- Acknowledgments404
- References404
- Chapter 19. Monitoring of chlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by passive samp407
- 19.1. Introduction407
- 19.2. Monitoring408
- 19.3. Methods414
- 19.4. Data Handling and Calculation425
- 19.5. Results and Discussion432
- 19.6. Usefulness of PS in Monitoring444
- Glossary446
- References447
- Subject Index449
Monitoring pollutants in air, soil and water is a routine requirement in the workplace, and in the wider environment. Passive samplers can provide a representative picture of levels of pollutants over a period of time from days to months by measuring the average concentrations to which they have been exposed. Air monitors are widely used, for instance to measure the exposure of workers to volatile compounds, but also for monitoring the fate of pollutants in the atmosphere. Passive sampling devices are now becomining increasingly used to monitor pollutants in rivers, coastal waters and ground water where contamination results from sources such as domestic and industrial discharges, and the use of agrochemicals.
Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring provides a timely collection of information on a set of techniques that help monitor the quality of air, surface and ground waters. Passive sampling can provide an inexpensive means of obtaining a representative picture of quality over a period of time, even where levels of pollutants fluctuate due to discontinuous discharges or seasonal application of chemicals such as pesticides. Recent changes in legislation have increased the pressure to obtain better information than that provided by classical infrequent spot sampling.
Brought together in one source, this book looks at the performance of a range of devices for the passive sampling of metals, and of non-polar and polar organic chemicals in air and in water. The strengths and weaknesses and the range of applicability of the technology are considered.
* Comprehensive review of passive sampling - covering air, water and majority of available technologies in one volume
* Chapters written by international specialist experts
* Covers theory and applications, providing background information and guidelines for use in the field
Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring provides a timely collection of information on a set of techniques that help monitor the quality of air, surface and ground waters. Passive sampling can provide an inexpensive means of obtaining a representative picture of quality over a period of time, even where levels of pollutants fluctuate due to discontinuous discharges or seasonal application of chemicals such as pesticides. Recent changes in legislation have increased the pressure to obtain better information than that provided by classical infrequent spot sampling.
Brought together in one source, this book looks at the performance of a range of devices for the passive sampling of metals, and of non-polar and polar organic chemicals in air and in water. The strengths and weaknesses and the range of applicability of the technology are considered.
* Comprehensive review of passive sampling - covering air, water and majority of available technologies in one volume
* Chapters written by international specialist experts
* Covers theory and applications, providing background information and guidelines for use in the field