Pathways to a Hydrogen Future
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Table of contents
- Table of Contentsv
- List of Figuresix
- List of Tablesxiii
- Acknowledgementxv
- Part I Overview1
- Chapter 1 The Hydrogen Futures Simulation Model (H2Sim): Pathways to a Hydrogen Future3
- Interest in the Hydrogen Economy4
- Global Energy Demand and Resource Availability6
- Energy Security8
- Environmental Considerations9
- Pathways to a Hydrogen Future10
- Centralized versus Decentralized Hydrogen Production Options11
- Hydrogen Futures Simulation Model13
- Production14
- Production Options15
- Hydrogen Production Costs16
- Carbon Capture and Sequestration17
- Distribution and Storage18
- Delivered Hydrogen Costs19
- End Use21
- Carbon Emissions22
- Sensitivity of the Results23
- Conclusion25
- References26
- Part II Why Hydrogen?29
- Chapter 2 Justifications for Hydrogen31
- Growing Energy Consumption31
- Fueling the World33
- The United States43
- Adequacy of Reserves47
- Reserve Estimates50
- Oil Sands59
- Coal to Liquid60
- Gas to Liquid61
- Biomass to Liquid61
- Undiscovered Reserves63
- Reserve Distribution67
- References71
- Chapter 3 Energy Security75
- Strategic Value of Oil77
- Economic Oil Security78
- Modeling and Forecasts of Future Oil Price Shocks80
- Historic Price Instability81
- Current Areas of Instability83
- Infrastructure Vulnerability87
- References91
- Chapter 4 Environmental Concerns95
- Climate Change95
- Other Environmental Concerns107
- References117
- Part III On the Road to Hydrogen121
- Chapter 5 Progress Towards a Hydrogen Future123
- Fuel Cell Cars123
- Other Hydrogen Vehicles131
- Portable Applications132
- Stationary Applications137
- Conclusion148
- References149
- Part IV The Hydrogen Futures Simulation Model (H2Sim)153
- Chapter 6 Hydrogen Production157
- Steam Methane Reformation160
- Coal Gasification162
- Electrolysis163
- Thermochemical Processes165
- Non-catalytic Partial Oxidation168
- Sensitivity Analysis171
- Carbon Emissions178
- References179
- Chapter 7 Hydrogen Distribution183
- Storage185
- Transportation191
- Hydrogen distribution201
- Sensitivity Analysis204
- References208
- Chapter 8 End Use211
- Vehicles211
- Carbon Emissions213
- End Use Costs213
- Sensitivity Analysis216
- References220
- Chapter 9 User’s Guide221
- System Requirements221
- Starting the Model and Running a Base Case221
- Model Operation223
- Model Navigation223
- Production224
- Capital Cost Sensitivity225
- Carbon Pathway228
- Storage and Delivery229
- End Use231
- Conclusion234
- Part V Conclusion and Discussion235
- Chapter 10 From Here to There: the Transition to a Hydrogen Future237
- A Decentralized Approach to Hydrogen Production for the United States240
- A Push from Carbon Markets in the European Union246
- The Push from Rapidly Developing Countries249
- Conclusion251
- References252
- Appendix253
- Executive Summary253
- Introduction254
- Model Structure and Assumptions255
- Sensitivity Analysis259
- Fuel Price Sensitivity Results261
- Capital Cost Sensitivity Analysis263
- Construction Time Sensitivity265
- Externality Analysis267
- Conclusions269
- A.1 Sensitivity Analysis using Platt’s Data270
- A.2 Detailed Externality Assumptions Available in GenSim272
- References274
- Index275
Hydrogen may someday fuel our cars and power and heat our homes and businesses and revolutionize the way we use energy. Moving to a hydrogen economy could help reduce our reliance on foreign oil, improve local air quality, and reduce the risk of climate change. Despite the potential of hydrogen, there is no guarantee that the hydrogen economy will happen as the obstacles are considerable and the competing visions are many.
Pathways to a Hydrogen Future seeks to untangle the competing visions of a hydrogen economy, explain the trade-offs and obstacles and offer recommendations for a path forward. The results are based on a detailed simulation model developed at Sandia National Laboratories: "The Hydrogen Futures Simulation Model (H2Sim)".
The H2Sim is a high-level strategic tool for evaluating the economic and environmental trade-offs of alternative hydrogen production, storage, transport, and end use options in the year 2020.
An executive version of H2Sim is included with the book allowing readers to explore the various scenarios discussed. H2Sim’s ease of use and its ability to provide answers to these types of questions make it a powerful educational and policy making tool.
The model's structure is ideal for exploring "what-if" questions, such as: Can fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) compete economically with current cars if the FCVs are 2.5 times as efficient? Should the hydrogen be produced at fueling stations or at central locations and transported to fueling stations?
* Includes an executive version of H2Sim allowing readers to explore the various scenarios discussed
* H2Sim's ease of use and ability to provide answers makes it a powerful educational and policy making tool
* The model's structure is ideal for exploring "what-if" questions, such as: Can fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) compete economically with current cars if the FCVs are 2.5 times as efficient? Should the hydrogen be produced at fueling stations or at central locations and transported to fueling stations?
Pathways to a Hydrogen Future seeks to untangle the competing visions of a hydrogen economy, explain the trade-offs and obstacles and offer recommendations for a path forward. The results are based on a detailed simulation model developed at Sandia National Laboratories: "The Hydrogen Futures Simulation Model (H2Sim)".
The H2Sim is a high-level strategic tool for evaluating the economic and environmental trade-offs of alternative hydrogen production, storage, transport, and end use options in the year 2020.
An executive version of H2Sim is included with the book allowing readers to explore the various scenarios discussed. H2Sim’s ease of use and its ability to provide answers to these types of questions make it a powerful educational and policy making tool.
The model's structure is ideal for exploring "what-if" questions, such as: Can fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) compete economically with current cars if the FCVs are 2.5 times as efficient? Should the hydrogen be produced at fueling stations or at central locations and transported to fueling stations?
* Includes an executive version of H2Sim allowing readers to explore the various scenarios discussed
* H2Sim's ease of use and ability to provide answers makes it a powerful educational and policy making tool
* The model's structure is ideal for exploring "what-if" questions, such as: Can fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) compete economically with current cars if the FCVs are 2.5 times as efficient? Should the hydrogen be produced at fueling stations or at central locations and transported to fueling stations?