Pediatric Bone: Biology & Diseases
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Table of contents
- Table of Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Forewordxv
- Prefacexvii
- Chapter 1. Structure of Growth Plate and Bone Matrix1
- Introduction1
- Type I Collagen1
- Type V Collagen6
- Type II Collagen8
- Type IX Collagen10
- Type XI Collagen11
- Type X Collagen14
- Aggrecan16
- Cartilage Link Protein 116
- Small, Leucine-Rich, Interstitial Proteoglycans17
- Perlecan20
- Matrilins21
- Thrombospondins22
- Osteonectin23
- Osteocalcin24
- Matrix Gla Protein25
- Bone Sialoprotein25
- Bone Acidic Glycoprotein-7526
- Dentin Matrix Acidic Phosphoprotein-126
- Osteopontin26
- References27
- Chapter 2. Bone Cell Biology: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts43
- Introduction43
- Ontogeny of Osteoblasts and Control of Osteoblast Development44
- Osteoprogenitor Cells and Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Activity50
- Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Activity54
- Osteocytes58
- Morphological Features of Osteoclasts59
- Mechanisms of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption60
- Origin of Osteoclasts61
- Regulation of Ostoclast Activity and Differentiation61
- Osteoclast Size: Multinucleation and Function63
- Stem Cell, Osteoblast, and Osteoclast Changes in Disease63
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy for Skeletal Diseases64
- References65
- Chapter 3. Prenatal Bone Development: Ontogeny and Regulation77
- Introduction77
- Skeletogenesis78
- Skeletal Organization and Embryonic Origin of Bones82
- Molecular Regulation of Bone Formation96
- References104
- Chapter 4. Postnatal Bone Growth: Growth Plate Biology, Modeling, and Remodeling119
- Endochondral and Intramembranous Bone Formation119
- Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor- 1121
- Fibroblast Growth Factors122
- Thyroid Hormone124
- Estrogen and Androgen124
- Osteoblasts and Bone Growth124
- Endocrine Regulation of Bone Formation126
- References130
- Chapter 5. Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Homeostasis135
- Cellular and Extracellular Calcium Homeostasis135
- Parathyroids and Secretion and Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone140
- Assay of PTH147
- Parathyroid Hormone Action148
- References160
- Chapter 6. Phosphate Homeostasis Regulatory Mechanisms173
- Introduction173
- Physiological Aspects173
- Cellular and Molecular Aspects178
- Pathophysiological Aspects181
- References187
- Chapter 7. Vitamin D Biology193
- Metabolic Activation of Vitamin D193
- Mechanism of Action198
- Role of Vitamin D in Calcium Homeostasis201
- Summary and Perspectives208
- References209
- Chapter 8. Other Factors Controlling Bone Growth and Development: Calcitonin, CGRP, Osteostatin, Amy217
- Introduction217
- Calcitonin217
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide220
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein223
- Amylin225
- Adrenomedullin228
- References229
- Chapter 9. Peak Bone Mass and Its Regulation235
- Definition and Importance of Peak Bone Mass235
- Characteristics of Peak Bone Mass Acquisition235
- Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism During Growth236
- Determinants of Bone Mass Gain238
- Conclusions242
- References243
- Chapter 10. Pregnancy and Lactation249
- Introduction249
- Mineral Fluxes from Mother to Offspring249
- Pregnancy250
- Lactation255
- Summary264
- References264
- Chapter 11. Fetal Mineral Homeostasis271
- Fetal Adaptive Goals271
- Placental Calcium Transport280
- Placental Transport of Magnesium and Phosphate288
- Fetal Parathyroids288
- Calcium-Sensing Receptor289
- Thymus290
- Fetal Kidneys and Amniotic Fluid290
- Fetal Skeleton291
- Maternal Skeleton292
- Fetal Response to Maternal Hypoparathyroidism293
- Fetal Response to Maternal Hypoparathyroidism293
- Integrated Fetal Calcium Homeostasis293
- References296
- Chapter 12. Noninvasive Techniques for Bone Mass Measurement303
- Indications for Bone Mass Measurements303
- Challenges to Interpreting Bone Mass Measurements in Childhood and Adolescence303
- Noninvasive Measurement Techniques304
- Data Interpretation316
- References319
- Chapter 13. Assessment of Maturation: Bone Age and Pubertal Assessment325
- Background325
- Initial Considerations325
- Methods of Assessment329
- Reliability333
- Comparability of the Atlas and Bone-Specific Methods333
- Secondary Sexual Development334
- References337
- Chapter 14. Biochemical Markers o f Bone Metabolism339
- Introduction339
- Markers of Bone Formation341
- Markers of Bone Resorption342
- Bone Markers During Normal Development344
- Puberty346
- Bone and Collagen Markers in Metabolic Bone Diseases346
- Clinical and Research Value of Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism352
- References353
- Chapter 15. Bone Histomorphometry359
- Introduction359
- Methodology359
- Pediatric Bone Histomorphometry in Health and Disease366
- Indications for Bone Biopsy and Histomorphometry in Pediatric Bone Diseases372
- References373
- Chapter 16. A Diagnostic Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias375
- Introduction375
- Background375
- History and Physical Examination376
- Diagnostic Imaging389
- Biochemical Investigations393
- Cartilage Histology395
- Molecular Basis396
- Prenatal Detection of Suspected Skeletal Dysplasia397
- Conclusion398
- References398
- Chapter 17. The Spectrum of Pediatric Osteoporosis401
- Abstract401
- Introduction401
- Definition and Diagnosis of Osteopenia/Osteoporosis in Pediatric Patients401
- The Role of the Mechanostat in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric Osteoporosis403
- The Scope of the Problem405
- Approach to Prevention and Intervention426
- Differentiating Child Abuse from Bone Fragility Conditions428
- Summary and Future Directions430
- References431
- Chapter 18. Osteogenesis Imperfecta443
- Introduction443
- Classification444
- Types of OI445
- Differential Diagnosis449
- General Clinical Findings450
- Pathophysiology453
- Therapy457
- References463
- Chapter 19. Sclerosing Bony Dysplasia473
- Introduction473
- Defects in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption473
- Skeletal Abnormalities Related to Overproduction of Bone: Involvement of Transforming Growth Factors478
- Summary480
- References481
- Chapter 20. Parathyroid Disorders485
- Introduction485
- PTH Gene Structure and Function485
- Hypocalcemic Disorders488
- Hypercalcemic Diseases496
- Conclusion501
- References502
- Chapter 21. Fibrous Dysplasia509
- Introduction509
- Clinical Features510
- Molecular Genetics516
- Determinants of Phenotypic Variability518
- Pathology520
- Pathogenesis526
- Management and Treatment530
- References533
- Chapter 22. Nutritional Rickets541
- Introduction541
- Definition of Rickets541
- Classification of Rickets542
- Nutritional Rickets542
- References560
- Chapter 23. Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity567
- Introduction567
- In Utero Mineral Accretion and Bone Growth567
- Physiological Changes in Mineral Homeostasis at Birth568
- Metabolic Bone Disease569
- Skeletal Health in Preterm Infants572
- Suggested Guidelines for the Prevention of Metabolic Bone Disease in Preterm Infants578
- Conclusions579
- References579
- Chapter 24. Rickets Due to Hereditary Abnormalities of Vitamin D Synthesis or Action583
- Introduction583
- Biosynthesis of Vitamin D583
- Vitamin D Biosynthetic Enzymes584
- Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase and 24-Hydroxylase584
- Vitamin D laL-Hydroxylase584
- Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Metabolism585
- Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Action592
- References598
- Chapter 25. Familial Hypophosphatemia and Related Disorders603
- Introduction603
- Clinical Description of Disease Entities603
- Treatment613
- Family/Genetic Studies616
- Molecules, Pathophysiology, and Lessons from Animal Models617
- Current Problems and Unresolved Questions623
- References624
- Chapter 26. Rickets Due to Renal Tubular Abnormalities633
- Introduction633
- Fanconi Syndrome633
- Renal Magnesium Wasting640
- Hypercalciuria642
- Renal Tubular Acidosis644
- Conclusion647
- References647
- Chapter 27 . Hypophosphatasia651
- Biology of Alkaline Phosphatase651
- Clinical Hypophosphatasia661
- References672
- Chapter 28. Renal Osteodystrophy: Pathogenesis , Diagnosis, and Treatment679
- Introduction679
- The Spectrum of Renal Osteodystrophy679
- Pathogenesis of Renal Osteodystrophy682
- Clinical Manifestations685
- Biochemical Determinations686
- Histologic Manifestations687
- Radiographic Features of Renal Osteodystrophy689
- Long-Term Consequences690
- Treatment691
- References695
- Chapter 29. Bone Tumors in Children703
- Introduction703
- General Principles of Treatement703
- Diagnosis704
- Classification and Nomenclature706
- Back Pain and Spinal Neoplasms in Children707
- Fibrous Tumors of Bone709
- Cartilage-Forming Tumors713
- Bone-Forming Tumors722
- Hematopoietic730
- Vascular731
- Neurogenic733
- Adipose734
- Mixed734
- Notochord735
- Tumor-Like735
- Conclusion740
- References740
- Index745
- Color Plate SectionColor Plate-1
Pediatric Bone is the first book to be published to deal exclusively with the biology and diseases of bone as they affect children. Rapid advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms and factors controlling the growth and development of bone, and these are discussed in detail in this book. Further, the various diseases of bone which are peculiar to children are highlighted and discussed in the light of our current knowledge with regard to the causation, clinical signs and treatment. The book is aimed to provide those clinicians interested in children's diseases and basic scientists with a comprehensive resource covering the various aspects of bone health and disease in children
Key Features
* Deals exclusively with bone development and diseases of children and each chapter written by an
* Fully referenced providing an appendix of usually difficult to find information on the investigation of pediatric bone disease and reference values
* Covers both the physiology of bone and mineral homeostasis in children and diseases in one book
* Includes a CD-ROM of images
Key Features
* Deals exclusively with bone development and diseases of children and each chapter written by an
* Fully referenced providing an appendix of usually difficult to find information on the investigation of pediatric bone disease and reference values
* Covers both the physiology of bone and mineral homeostasis in children and diseases in one book
* Includes a CD-ROM of images