Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia: Sources, Distributions, Transport and Fate
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- List of Contributorsvii
- Introduction to the Book Seriesxiii
- Prefacexv
- Part I: East Asia–Japan, China, and Koria1
- Chapter 1. Persistent Organic Pollutants Monitoring Activities in Japan3
- 1.1. Introduction3
- 1.2. PCB and POPs pesticides monitoring8
- 1.3. Regional/global transport of POPs15
- 1.4. Monitoring of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans21
- 1.5. Stockpiles and wastes of POPs24
- 1.6. Conclusion27
- References28
- Chapter 2. Emission, Contamination and Exposure, Fate and Transport, and National Management Strateg31
- 2.1. Introduction32
- 2.2. Methodology: Literature survey and target POPs35
- 2.3. POPs issues and control strategy in South Korea41
- 2.4. POPs emission in South Korea55
- 2.5. Levels, distribution, and exposure to POPs77
- 2.6. Fate and transport of POPs in South Korea128
- 2.7. Conclusions141
- References142
- Chapter 3. Organochlorine Pesticides in China159
- 3.1. Institutional, policy, and legal framework for organic pesticides in China159
- 3.2. History of manufacturing, industrial applications, and emission sources166
- 3.3. Research on POP pesticides176
- References205
- Chapter 4. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Biphenyls, and Polybrominated Diphe213
- 4.1. Introduction213
- 4.2. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China215
- 4.3. Sources of PCBs in China219
- 4.4. Sources of PBDEs in China220
- 4.5. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in China221
- 4.6. Challenges of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs management in China230
- 4.7. Conclusions231
- Acknowledgments232
- References232
- Chapter 5. Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in China237
- 5.1. Introduction237
- 5.2. PAHs in the atmosphere238
- 5.3. PAHs in water and sediments256
- 5.4. PAHs in soil and plants267
- 5.5. Emission estimation of PAHs in China278
- References280
- Chapter 6. Sources and Occurrence of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Pearl River Delta, South C289
- 6.1. Introduction: The Pearl River Delta289
- 6.2. Concerned sources of POPs in the PRD290
- 6.3. Occurrence of POPs in the environment of the PRD295
- 6.4. Human exposure to POPs305
- 6.5. Regional cycling and time trends of POPs306
- 6.6. Conclusion remarks306
- References307
- Chapter 7. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Hong Kong313
- 7.1. Introduction313
- 7.2. The HKSAR basic profile315
- 7.3. Source inventories of POPs316
- 7.4. Environmental levels of POPs326
- 7.5. Dietary exposure to POPs343
- 7.6. Human body burden of POPs344
- 7.7. Ecological risk assessment347
- 7.8. Human health risk assessment353
- 7.9. Assessment of current POPs situation in Hong Kong361
- 7.10. POPs management and implementation strategy in Hong Kong under the Stockholm Convention363
- 7.11. Conclusions364
- Acknowledgements365
- References365
- Chapter 8. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Waterbirds with Special Reference to Hong Kong and Mainl375
- 8.1. Background375
- 8.2. Biological effects412
- 8.3. Limitations415
- 8.4. Study on persistent organic pollutants in local waterbirds in Hong Kong420
- Acknowledgments421
- References421
- Part II: The Pacific Countries557
- Chapter 9. Persistent Toxic Substances in India433
- 9.1. Introduction434
- 9.2. History of PTS usage in India435
- 9.3. Why India is important from global PTS pollution perspective437
- 9.4. Persistent toxic substances in the Indian environment438
- 9.5. PTS in Indian flora and fauna448
- 9.6. PTS in Indian human463
- 9.7. PTS in Indian food items471
- 9.8. Management of toxic chemicals in India472
- 9.9. Conclusion475
- References476
- Chapter 10. Persistent Toxic Substances in Thailand487
- 10.1. Introduction488
- 10.2. Sources of persistent toxic substances489
- 10.3. Status of contamination493
- 10.4. Management of hazardous substances506
- 10.5. Conclusion509
- References509
- Chapter 11. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Vietnam: Levels, Patterns, Trends, and Human Health Imp515
- 11.1. Introduction516
- 11.2. Production and usage of persistent organic pollutants in Vietnam518
- 11.3. Widespread contamination519
- 11.4. Dioxin contamination540
- 11.5. Fate and behavior of dioxins in municipal wastes open dumping sites543
- 11.6. Trends of contamination by persistent organic pollutants544
- 11.7. Environmental and human health implications547
- 11.8. Conclusions and recommendations for future research551
- Acknowledgements551
- References552
- Part II: Southeast Asia„from India toVietnam431
- Chapter 12. Persistent Toxic Substances in the Philippine Environment559
- 12.1. Introduction560
- 12.2. Characteristics of the Philippines agricultural sector562
- 12.3. Pesticide industry and usage profiles563
- 12.4. National inventory of POPs in the Philippines563
- 12.5. Contamination levels564
- 12.6. Management and regulation of POPs in the Philippines578
- 12.7. Conclusion and recommendations for future research580
- Acknowledgments581
- References581
- Chapter 13. Persistent Toxic Substances in the Environment of Indonesia587
- 13.1. Introduction587
- 13.2. Historical use, production, and management of POPs589
- 13.3. Environmental contamination by organochlorine compounds (OCs)592
- 13.4. Environmental contamination by OTs611
- 13.5. Temporal variation of contaminations614
- 13.6. Ecological and human health risk616
- 13.7. Conclusions and recommendations620
- Acknowledgments621
- References622
- Chapter 14. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Malaysia629
- 14.1. Introduction629
- 14.2. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Malaysia: An overview630
- 14.3. Sources of POPs in Malaysia633
- 14.4. Levels of POP contamination in Malaysia638
- 14.5. Management of POPs in Malaysia649
- 14.6. Data gaps650
- 14.7. POPs research and initiatives in Malaysia651
- Acknowledgement652
- References652
- Chapter 15. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Singapore’s Marine Environment657
- 15.1. Introduction658
- 15.2. POPs in seawater659
- 15.3. POPs in the sea-surface microlayer670
- 15.4. POPs in marine sediments678
- 15.5. POPs in marine biota690
- 15.6. POPs in mangrove habitats699
- References712
- Chapter 16. Persistent Organic Pollutants and Adverse Health Effects in Humans in Singapore721
- 16.1. Introduction721
- 16.2. Pesticides724
- 16.3. Dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls726
- 16.4. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)730
- 16.5. POPs in human disease731
- 16.6. POPs as endocrine disrupters733
- 16.7. POPs in typical seafood consumed in Singapore735
- 16.8. Conclusions744
- References745
- Chapter 17. Persistent Organic Pollutants: Occurrence and Health Risks in Australia753
- 17.1. Introduction754
- 17.2. Sources of POPs in Australia756
- 17.3. Physicochemical and environmental properties756
- 17.4. Occurrence of POPs in human foods758
- 17.5. Australian market basket survey (now known as Total Dietary Survey)759
- 17.6. Occurrence of POPs in humans760
- 17.7. Dietary exposure of the Australian population to POPs762
- 17.8. Risks to human health in Australia765
- 17.9. Conclusions768
- References768
- Part IV: Regional Perspective771
- Chapter 18. Contamination by Persistent Toxic Substances in the Asia-Pacific Region773
- 18.1. Introduction774
- 18.2. Distribution and sources776
- 18.3. Transport behavior and fate783
- 18.4. Temporal trends and future prospects of contamination789
- 18.5. Human exposure and human health implications793
- 18.6. Conclusions and recommendations808
- Acknowledgments810
- References811
- Index819
Large amounts of data obtained through environmental monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in 10 Asian countries and Australia have been compiled and explored using principles of environmental chemistry, toxicology, and risk assessment. This book also includes descriptions and discussions of current governmental policies, monitoring and surveillance programs, history of manufacturing and applications, emission sources, impacts on human health, and cross-boundary transport of POPs in these countries.
* Compiles up-to-date sources, distributions, transport, and fates of highly concerned persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
* Presents exploratory examinations of the data guided by the principles of environmental chemistry, toxicology, and risk assessment
* Includes important context and insight regarding government policies, monitoring and surveillance programs, history of manufacturing and applications, emission sources, impact on human health, and cross-boundary transport of POPs
* Compiles up-to-date sources, distributions, transport, and fates of highly concerned persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
* Presents exploratory examinations of the data guided by the principles of environmental chemistry, toxicology, and risk assessment
* Includes important context and insight regarding government policies, monitoring and surveillance programs, history of manufacturing and applications, emission sources, impact on human health, and cross-boundary transport of POPs