Physics in Biology and Medicine
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Table of contents
- Table of Contentsv
- Prefacexiii
- Abbreviationsxvii
- Chapter 1. Static Forces1
- 1.1 Equilibrium and Stability2
- 1.2 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body3
- 1.3 Stability of the Human Body under the Action of an External Force4
- 1.4 Skeletal Muscles7
- 1.5 Levers9
- 1.6 The Elbow11
- 1.7 The Hip15
- 1.8 The Back17
- 1.9 Standing Tip-Toe on One Foot19
- 1.10 Dynamic Aspects of Posture19
- Exercises21
- Chapter 2. Friction23
- 2.1 Standing at an Incline25
- 2.2 Friction at the Hip Joint26
- 2.3 Spine Fin of a Catfish27
- Exercises29
- Chapter 3. Translational Motion30
- 3.1 Vertical Jump32
- 3.2 Effect of Gravity on the Vertical Jump35
- 3.3 Running High Jump36
- 3.4 Range of a Projectile37
- 3.5 Standing Broad Jump37
- 3.6 Running Broad Jump (Long Jump)39
- 3.7 Motion through Air40
- 3.8 Energy Consumed in Physical Activity42
- Exercises43
- Chapter 4. Angular Motion45
- 4.1 Forces on a Curved Path45
- 4.2 A Runner on a Curved Track47
- 4.3 Pendulum48
- 4.4 Walking50
- 4.5 Physical Pendulum51
- 4.6 Speed of Walking and Running52
- 4.7 Energy Expended in Running54
- 4.8 Alternate Perspectives on Walking and Running56
- 4.9 Carrying Loads58
- Exercises59
- Chapter 5. Elasticity and Strength of Materials61
- 5.1 Longitudinal Stretch and Compression61
- 5.2 A Spring62
- 5.3 Bone Fracture: Energy Considerations64
- 5.4 Impulsive Forces66
- 5.5 Fracture Due to a Fall: Impulsive Force Considerations67
- 5.6 Airbags: Inflating Collision Protection Devices68
- 5.7 Whiplash Injury69
- 5.8 Falling from Great Height70
- 5.9 Osteoarthritis and Exercise70
- Exercises71
- Chapter 6. Insect Flight73
- 6.1 Hovering Flight73
- 6.2 Insect Wing Muscles75
- 6.3 Power Required for Hovering76
- 6.4 Kinetic Energy of Wings in Flight78
- 6.5 Elasticity of Wings79
- Exercises80
- Chapter 7. Fluids82
- 7.1 Force and Pressure in a Fluid82
- 7.2 Pascal’s Principle83
- 7.3 Hydrostatic Skeleton84
- 7.4 Archimedes’ Principle87
- 7.5 Power Required to Remain Afloat87
- 7.6 Buoyancy of Fish88
- 7.7 Surface Tension89
- 7.8 Soil Water92
- 7.9 Insect Locomotion on Water93
- 7.10 Contraction of Muscles95
- 7.11 Surfactants97
- Exercises99
- Chapter 8. The Motion of Fluids101
- 8.1 Bernoulli’s Equation101
- 8.2 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Law103
- 8.3 Turbulent Flow104
- 8.4 Circulation of the Blood105
- 8.5 Blood Pressure107
- 8.6 Control of Blood Flow109
- 8.7 Energetics of Blood Flow110
- 8.8 Turbulence in the Blood110
- 8.9 Arteriosclerosis and Blood Flow111
- 8.10 Power Produced by the Heart112
- 8.11 Measurement of Blood Pressure113
- Exercises114
- Chapter 9. Heat and Kinetic Theory116
- 9.1 Heat and Hotness116
- 9.2 Kinetic Theory of Matter116
- 9.3 Definitions119
- 9.4 Transfer of Heat120
- 9.5 Transport of Molecules by Diffusion126
- 9.6 Diffusion through Membranes128
- 9.7 The Respiratory System129
- 9.8 Surfactants and Breathing132
- 9.9 Diffusion and Contact Lenses133
- Exercises133
- Chapter 10. Thermodynamics135
- 10.1 First Law of Thermodynamics135
- 10.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics137
- 10.3 Difference between Heat and Other Forms of Energy138
- 10.4 Thermodynamics of Living Systems140
- 10.5 Information and the Second Law143
- Exercises144
- Chapter 11. Heat and Life145
- 11.1 Energy Requirements of People146
- 11.2 Energy from Food147
- 11.3 Regulation of Body Temperature149
- 11.4 Control of Skin Temperature151
- 11.5 Convection151
- 11.6 Radiation153
- 11.7 Radiative Heating by the Sun153
- 11.8 Evaporation155
- 11.9 Resistance to Cold156
- 11.10 Heat and Soil158
- Exercises159
- Chapter 12. Waves and Sound162
- 12.1 Properties of Sound162
- 12.2 Some Properties of Waves165
- 12.3 Hearing and the Ear168
- 12.4 Bats and Echoes175
- 12.5 Sounds Produced by Animals176
- 12.6 Acoustic Traps176
- 12.7 Clinical Uses of Sound177
- 12.8 Ultrasonic Waves177
- Exercises178
- Chapter 13. Electricity180
- 13.1 The Nervous System180
- 13.2 Electricity in Plants196
- 13.3 Electricity in the Bone196
- 13.4 Electric Fish197
- Exercises198
- Chapter 14. Electrical Technology200
- 14.1 Electrical Technology in Biological Research200
- 14.2 Diagnostic Equipment202
- 14.3 Physiological Effects of Electricity204
- 14.4 Control Systems206
- 14.5 Feedback208
- 14.6 Sensory Aids211
- Exercises213
- Chapter 15. Optics214
- 15.1 Vision214
- 15.2 Nature of Light215
- 15.3 Structure of the Eye215
- 15.4 Accommodation216
- 15.5 Eye and the Camera217
- 15.6 Lens System of the Eye219
- 15.7 Reduced Eye220
- 15.8 Retina222
- 15.9 Resolving Power of the Eye223
- 15.10 Threshold of Vision225
- 15.11 Vision and the Nervous System226
- 15.12 Defects in Vision227
- 15.13 Lens for Myopia229
- 15.14 Lens for Presbyopia and Hyperopia229
- 15.15 Extension of Vision229
- Exercises237
- Chapter 16. Atomic Physics239
- 16.1 The Atom239
- 16.2 Spectroscopy244
- 16.3 Quantum Mechanics246
- 16.4 Electron Microscope247
- 16.5 X-rays249
- 16.6 X-ray Computerized Tomography250
- 16.7 Lasers252
- Exercises255
- Chapter 17. Nuclear Physics256
- 17.1 The Nucleus256
- 17.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging257
- 17.3 Radiation Therapy266
- 17.4 Food Preservation by Radiation267
- 17.5 Isotopic Tracers268
- 17.6 Laws of Physics and Life269
- Exercises271
- Appendix A. Basic Concepts in MechanicsA1
- A.1 Speed and VelocityA1
- A.2 AccelerationA2
- A.3 ForceA3
- A.4 PressureA3
- A.5 MassA3
- A.6 WeightA3
- A.7 Linear MomentumA3
- A.8 Newton’s Laws of MotionA3
- A.9 Conservation of Linear MomentumA4
- A.10 RadianA5
- A.11 Angular VelocityA5
- A.12 Angular AccelerationA6
- A.13 Relations between Angular and Linear MotionA6
- A.14 Equations for Angular MomentumA6
- A.15 Centripetal AccelerationA7
- A.16 Moment of InertiaA8
- A.17 TorqueA8
- A.18 Newton’s Laws of Angular MotionA9
- A.19 Angular MomentumA9
- A.20 Addition of Forces and TorquesA10
- A.21 Static EquilibriumA11
- A.22 WorkA11
- A.23 EnergyA11
- A.24 Forms of EnergyA12
- A.25 PowerA13
- A.26 Units and ConversionsA14
- Appendix B. Review of ElectricityA16
- B.1 Electric ChargeA16
- B.2 Electric FieldA17
- B.3 Potential Difference or VoltageA18
- B.4 Electric CurrentA18
- B.5 Electric CircuitsA19
- B.6 Voltage and Current SourcesA21
- B.7 Electricity and MagnetismA21
- Appendix C. Review of OpticsA22
- C.1 Geometric OpticsA22
- C.2 Converging LensesA24
- C.3 Images of Extended ObjectsA27
- C.4 Diverging LensesA29
- C.5 Lens Immersed in a Material MediumA29
- Bibliography302
- Answers to Numerical Exercises310
- Index314
Physics for Biology and Medicine, Third Edition covers topics in physics as they apply to the life sciences, specifically medicine, physiology, nursing and other applied health fields.
This concise introductory paperback surveys and relates basic physics to living systems. It discusses biological systems that can be analyzed quantitatively, and how advances in the life sciences have been aided by the knowledge of physical or engineering analysis techniques.
Applicable courses are biophysics and applied physics.
- Provides practical techniques for applying knowledge of physics to the study of living systems
- Presents material in a straight forward manner requiring very little background in physics or biology
- Includes many figures, examples and illustrative problems and appendices which provide convenient access to the most important concepts of mechanics, electricity, and optics
This concise introductory paperback surveys and relates basic physics to living systems. It discusses biological systems that can be analyzed quantitatively, and how advances in the life sciences have been aided by the knowledge of physical or engineering analysis techniques.
Applicable courses are biophysics and applied physics.
- Provides practical techniques for applying knowledge of physics to the study of living systems
- Presents material in a straight forward manner requiring very little background in physics or biology
- Includes many figures, examples and illustrative problems and appendices which provide convenient access to the most important concepts of mechanics, electricity, and optics